Purposes of Economic Sanctions

Purposes of scotchal SanctionsAnne Cook1. Table of Contents (jump to)1. Table of Content2. bunco Summary3. Introduction4. Body5. Conclusions6. Bibliography2. Abstract Summary frugal sanctions, which comprise distri furthere and monetary components, argon imposed by judicatures or the join Nations on target countries for the express purpose of achieving the sender countries objectives. They argon imposed when diplomatic negotiations control broken down and as an alternative to troth or warfare.The unify States and the European betrays union, with the UN, are the major sender countries involved, with the US having broader defined purposes.Economic sanctions can be employ unilaterally or collectively. There is concern regarding the high volume of sparing sanctions employ by the US and the legality of their defined purposes. This study in any case concludes that the defined purpose may not result in the desired outcomes, and can inflict economic burden on the sender coun try.3. IntroductionThis paper deals specifically with defining and discussing the purpose of economic sanctions. This will be done in the context of the current purposes, which ask changed considerably from historic times when economic sanctions were primarily imposed prior to going to war or in conjunction with military hostilities.Economic sanctions are defined asEconomic, trade or monetary sanctions are imposed by governments or the United Nations to exert pressure on individuals or governmental regimes and for the advancement of foreign policy objectives. Sanctions include a string of financial or trading restrictions, much(prenominal) as freezes on the as go unders of and travel restrictions on nominated individuals, bans on financing of state-owned enterprises, prohibitions on the supply of technical, financial and other assistance and outright prohibitions on trade. Ref 1http//www.lloyds.comThere are two specific types of economic sanctions Ref 2http//www.globalpolicy.o rg(a) Trade SanctionsTrade sanctions restrict imports and exports to and from the target country. These restrictions can be comprehensive, as in the campaign of Iraq, or they can be selective, only restricting certain goods often connected with a trade dispute.(b) Financial sanctionsFinancial sanctions address monetary issues. They can include, occluded fronting government assets held abroad, limiting access to financial markets and restricting loans and credits, restricting outside(a) transfer birthments and restricting the sale and trade of property abroad. The freezing of using aid also falls into this category.There is substantial overlap between financial and trade sanctions, peculiarly when applied comprehensively, since with their foreign assets frozen and access to new funds blocked, Governments will be unable to pay for imports, and trade will suffer.4. BodySanctions can be applied unilaterally or collectively and diametrical commands will apply to each sanctions re gime. Research shows that collective sanctions are more effective than those unilaterally applied.The pursuance list from Lloyds identifies the following countries targeted by the EU the US as at May 2006Myanmar (Burma) (EU and US)Belarus (EU)Democratic land of Congo (EU)Cuba (US only)Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Serbia (EU and US)Iran (US only)Iraq (EU and US)Ivory Coast (EU only)Lebanon Syria (EU and US)Liberia (EU and US)Libya (US only)North Korea (US only)Sudan (EU and US)Zimbabwe (EU and US)Some of these sanctions affect designated individuals only in the targeted country. There are also sanctions in place against named individuals or entities who atomic number 18 indicted by the International whitlow Tribunal for former YugoslaviaBelong or are related to the Taliban, Usama Bin Laden and the Al-Qaida networkAre suspected terrorists.Many countries impose economic sanctions against others. However, due to their finacial muscle in the internationel contributence, the Uni ted States and the European amount are the major senders of economic sanctions and their say purpose of applying much(prenominal) sanctions differ if one looks at their stated purpose for the imposition of sanctions by the major senders..United States Purpose for Economic SanctionsRef 3http//www.fas.org/man/crs/crs-sanction.htm,The U. S. government may choose to impose economic sanctionsto express its condemnation of a particular practice such as military aggression human rights violations militarization that destabilizes a country, its neighbors or the region proliferation of nuclear, biological, or chemic weapons or missiles policy-making, economic, or military intimidation terrorism drug trafficking or extreme national political policies contrary to basic interests of values of the United States (e.g., apartheid, communism)to punish those engaged in objectionable behavior and disapprove its repetitionto make it more expensive, difficult, or time-consuming to engage in obje ctionable behaviorto block the flow of economic support that could be drug abused by the targeted entity against the United States or U.S. intereststo dissuade others from agreeable in objectionable behaviorto isolate a targeted country (or company or individual)to force a change or termination of objectionable behavior orto coerce a change in the leadership or form of government in a targeted country.European Union Purpose for Economic SanctionsThe European Union has a common list of objectives which all member countries adhere to. Ref,4 http//ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/cfsp/sanctions/index.htmThe European Union applies sanctions or restrictive measures in pursuit of the following specific objectivesTo safeguard the common values, fundamental interests, emancipation and integrity of the Union in conformity with the principles of the United Nations CharterTo strengthen the security of the Union in all waysTo pre look peace and strengthen international security, in acco rdance with the principles of the United Nations Charter, the capital of Finland Final Act, and the objectives of the Paris Charter, including those on external bordersTo promote international cooperationTo develop and consolidate democracy and the rule of law and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.In addition to the 2 economic superpowers listed about, the credentials Council of the United Nations has a charter for the imposing of sanctions. Ref 5http//www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/INTRO.htmUnited Nations Purpose for Economic SanctionsUnder Chapter septette of the Charter, the Security Council can take enforcement measures to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such measures range from economic and/or other sanctions not involving the use of armed force to international military action.The use of mandatory sanctions is intended to apply pressure on a State or entity to comply with the objectives set by the Security Council without resorting to th e use of force. Sanctions thus offer the Security Council an important instrument to enforce its decisions. The normal character of the United Nations makes it an especially appropriate body to establish and monitor such measures.The Council has resorted to mandatory sanctions as an enforcement tool when peace has been threatened and diplomatic efforts have fai conduct. The range of sanctions has included comprehensive economic and trade sanctions and/or more targeted measures such as arms embargoes, travel bans, financial or diplomatic restrictions. accompaniment CommentsThere is a growing trend to apply economic sanctions in order to comfort industries or supply in the senders home country this is increasingly considered outside the real purpose of economic sanctions and scolars line that this is protectionism using economic sanctions as a tool to look after the senders domestic market. One example, that led to retaliation from the EU, was against steel imports to the US from lower priced sources.In 2002, The United States places import tariffs on steel in an effort to protect its industry from more efficient foreign producers such as China and Russia.The humankind Trade Organisation ruled that these tariffs were illegal.The backlash from Europe resulted in the tariffs being dropped before the EU applied tariffs against the US s reported in the naked as a jaybird York Times regrets 5, 2003 ref 6http//select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F2091EF93F590C768CDDAB0994DB404482n= jacket%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fOrganizations%2fE%2fEuropean%20Union%20President Bush lifts tariffs on imported steel, averting trade war with Europe but risking political backlash in some industrial states heading into 2004 Presidential election cites improving economy and cost-cutting efforts by domestic steel makers as reasons for his decision to lift tariffs 21 months after they were imposed original goal was to keep them in place for as long as three years resolve of his decision immediately leads European Union to drop its plan to retaliate with tariffs on variety of American exports from states vital to Bushs political fortunes Bush says he will continue program to monitor steel imports to discern any destabilizing surges of cheap foreign steel, and that United States will also continue pressing other nations to chase away subsidizing their own inefficient steel producersIn addition, the US (in 1999) had imposed unilateral economic sanctions on 75 countries the purpose and high volume of economic sanctions is increasingly being questioned in the light of the stated purposes for which they should be applied. Ref http//www.twnside.org.sg/title/half-cn.htmHalf the World Hit by Unilateral Sanctions, by Someshwar SinghGeneva, 21 Dec 99 More than half of the worlds population in 75 countries is subject to unilateral coercive economic measures or sanctions by one country alone the United States of America according to a new-made report by the United Nations.The longest standing unilateral economic sanction enacted by the US, is that against Cuba. This has been in effect since 1960 and has failed to achieve their original purpose. After 46 years the Fidel Castro government is still in power, and maintains its fealty to Communism, even after the fall of the Soviet Union.Ref the US Chamber of Commerce 7http//www.uschamber.com/issues/index/international/cuba.htmCuba and Unilateral SanctionsThe United States has maintained an embargo on trade with Cuba since October 1960. Implemented to pressure the Castro regime to democratize, these unilateral sanctions have completely failed to achieve their objective. The U.S. Chamber has long argued that unilateral sanctions do not work. Too often, they serve to make a martyr of a tyrant and actually help prop up haughty regimes. Unilateral sanctions also isolate the United States from its allies while denying U.S. Companys access to markets in which third-country firms can do busines s easily.5. ConclusionsThe US stated purposes for applying economic sanctions are broader and more far make than those documented for the European Union and the United Nations. Economic sanctions have been used by the United States to protect local industry and arguably are a tool used in providing protectionism. The US has also enacted sections in higher volumes in recent years. However, the purpose that invoke sanctions are often circumnavigated by operate and goods being supplied by alternative countries or the purpose itself is not met at all. The 45-year embargos against Cuba by the US have not fulfilled their purpose that was to force Fidel Castro to renounce communism. The purpose for engaging in sanctions by the sender is often not the eventual outcome in the target country.The European Union imposes economic sanctions inwardly the framework of the United Nations Charter.The motives and desired outcomes for imposing sanctions vary by sender country as a result of these di fferences in purpose.In general, internationally, the application of sanctions should be introduced when diplomatic channels have failed and to avoid conflict or war.There is increasing statistics that show that the imposition of economic sanctions can result in more harm to the sender country than the target. With the current level of globalization, the target can find alternative sources for goods an/or services. The effects on the host and target countries should be the subject of a further paper to provide a broad framework for discussion on this topic.6. Bibliography jet polity and Security Policy of the European Union in the World, http//ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/cfsp/sanctions/index.htmEconomic Sanctions to Achieve U.S. Foreign Policy Goals, Dianne E. Rennack, Analyst in Foreign Policy Legislation Robert D. Shuey, Specialist in U.S. Foreign Policy and National Defense on the Federation of American Scientists web http//www.fas.org/man/crs/crs-sanction.htmGlobal Po licy Forum, the United Nations http//www.globalpolicy.orgLloyds of London, http//www.lloyds.comThe New York Times 8http//select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F2091EF93F590C768CDDAB0994DB404482n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fOrganizations%2fE%2fEuropean%20Union%20The US Chamber of Commerce http//www.uschamber.com/issues/index/international/cuba.htmThird World Network http//www.twnside.org.sg/title/half-cn.htmUN Security Council Sanctions Committee http//www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/INTRO.htmPage 1 of 101 Lloyds of London http//www.lloyds.com2 Global Policy Forum, the United Nations http//www.globalpolicy.org3 Economic Sanctions to Achieve U.S. Foreign Policy Goals, Dianne E. Rennack, Analyst in Foreign Policy Legislation Robert D. Shuey, Specialist in U.S. Foreign Policy and National Defense on the Federation of American Scientists web http//www.fas.org/man/crs/crs-sanction.htm4 Common Policy and Security Policy of the European Union in the World, http//ec.europa.eu/com m/external_relations/cfsp/sanctions/index.htm5 United Nations, Security Council http//www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/INTRO.htm6 New York Times http//select.nytimes.com7 The US Chamber of Commerce http//www.uschamber.com/issues/index/international/cuba.htm8 New York Times