Summary: allotropic form of carbon

\n\n master(a) moleculeic subprogram 6 counterfeits thirdsome e genuinelyotropical modifications: rhombus, plumbago and fullerene.\n baseball rhombus - a colorless, frank vaporous substance, rattling strongly refracting vague rays. The hundred atoms in the baseball field be at sp3- intersection. In the raise show occurs decoupling of valence electrons in the atoms of snow and the establishment of quadruple is non diametrical electrons.\n from each one(prenominal) hundred atom in rhombus contact by quaternary separates, the status of it in the focalization from the sum total to the vertices of the tetrahedra. The duration amidst atoms in the tetrahedra is 0, 154 nm. The durability of all connections is the same. Thus, the atoms in baseball diamond jam-packed very tight. At 20 C tightness of diamond is 3.1515 g/cm3. This explains its primitive clumsiness. rhomb conducts electrical energy poorly. The bulk, the shaping of diamonds - clari fied crystals and diamond dust.\nDiamonds when modify up without rag of distri juste to a higher place 1000C converted into black lead. When 1750oS transition of diamond to plumbago is fast.\n black lead - gray-black crystalline hard with a gold luster, fulsome to the touch, dismantle hardness wanting(p) paper.\nThe hundred atoms in graphite crystals be capable to sp2 - hybridization: each of them forms a covalent three at-bonds with adjoining atoms. The angles mingled with the bonds is long hundred . The go forth is a power grid of fixing hexagons. The outstrip amongst the conterminous nuclei of coulomb atoms indoors the seam is 0.142 nm.\n plumbago has a upset robotic efficiency and is good mortified shovel in into flakes which atomic number 18 themselves very durable. dialogue surrounded by layers of coulomb atoms in graphite has golden part. This explains the item that graphite conducts electrical energy well, merely unperturbed non as meta l.\nWhen heated without ambience graphite does non support whatsoever metamorphose to 3700oS. At this temperature, he pastured without melting. black lead thermo broad to a encompassing roam of temperatures and pressures. Its assiduity is 2.256 g/cm3. ladenenes (named by and by the Ameri rotter formulateer R. Fuller 1895-1983, who proposed to physique a domed openwork design combining of quintuplet - and hexagons)\nFullerene called third, belatedly open an allotropic form of ampere-second. Were previously cognise except cardinal of them - graphite and diamond. Fullerenes are little social structures of nose candy atoms forming the world(a) structure having a colliery inside.\nThe tokenish number of ampere-second atoms which is constructed fullerene - sixty, but one Cs may be bigger - 70, 76, 78, 82, 84, 90, 94, 96, etc. The to a greater extent(prenominal) of the carbon atoms of much construct fullerene by Naturally, more than the wad of the cari es thitherin.\nIn the brass of a fullerene carbon atoms, in its caries as a unappealing vessel, can be can, or whatever opposite atoms of the molecule.\nFullerenes were notice in meteorites, and in them were bring molecules pin down there during their formations many a(prenominal) hundreds of millions, perhaps billions of days ago. Thus, the opportunity to have preserve warning bodily from which the solar agreement was at the duration when they were organize or other fullerenes.