Theories and Approaches of Policy Evaluation Paper Essay

Theories and Approaches of Policy Evaluation Paper - Essay Example Proper process evaluation helps to ensure that the complete quality of a program is attained by ensuring that it is liable to multiple stakeholders such as the administrators, personnel and community among others. This evaluation helps to identify the process involved in decision making, resourced required in implementation of the technology, the unexpected inconsistencies or prospects while running the program and the legal, social and economic conditions in which the program is run. Process evaluation is a continuous monitoring process that should not interfere with the primary work of an organization. Instead, such information can be used to make the necessary amendments for top performance, especially in the preparation of financial audits (Casey, 2002). Outcome-based evaluation is a vital step when planning a project since it helps in the identification of the possible results of the technology. Outcome-based evaluation is a vital step when developing a new program or analyzing an existing one. This is because the product of the analysis provides good knowledge of the object’s target group and how it will influence the people it serves (Fasten,

Food Security Bill Essay Example for Free

Food Security Bill Essay The bill was truncated from the NAC version at the first stage when the government finalized it and then the parliamentary standing committee went along similar lines and recommended further paring down of the benefits. Sources said concerns were raised by the Congress leadership about reducing existing benefits under the Antodaya Anna Yojana to the 2. 5 crore poorest families as well as the recommendation of the standing committee to remove the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) from the mandate of the bill, which was advised by the women and child development ministry. Sources said the party leadership was unhappy with the move to reduce existing entitlements under UPAs flagship scheme instead of providing larger benefits. The government is likely to revise the bill keeping these views in mind and look at a much higher coverage in at least the 250 poorest districts of the country. The standing committee had recommended providing 5 kg of rations per person to 75% of rural population and 50% of urban India a formula the government was happy with till the party leadership intervened. The standing committee had recommended doing away with two categories of beneficiaries with differential benefits a move the government had contemplated anyway after having sent the bill to Parliament. But curtailing the total number of beneficiaries and reducing the benefits to the poorest has not found acceptance with the party leadership, sources said. The government could now consider restoring the monthly allocation to the poorest back to 35 kg of rations per family. Under an apex court order, the poorest and most disadvantaged are provided 35 kg rations at present. With the party keen to see the bill in Parliament during the budget session, a revised version could see the ICDS scheme coming back under the purview of the bill as a legally guaranteed right along with other food delivery mechanisms such as community kitchens. The UPA has already been caught on the back foot with opposition-ruled states providing cheaper rations to greater numbers under their own schemes following the lead of Chhattisgarh. The delay in pushing the bill through, coupled with the constant and often publicly expressed differences between different arms of the government and the UPA on the shape of the legislation have taken the sheen off UPA-2s big ticket scheme Food Security Bill is affordable The subsidies meant for the poor are always under attack, while the rest are able to retain their privileges. The additional allocation in grain and money terms will neither distort the grain market nor place a burden on the fisc. Many recent commentators have portrayed the National Food Security Bill (NFSB) as an â€Å"unbearable burden† on the exchequer. The facts, however, do no substantiate the claim. The NFSB has been trashed from time to time in the English dailies. For instance, Business Line (March 21, 2013) published an article titled â€Å"Food Security Bill will torpedo Budget†. Another national daily claims that the Bill has a â€Å"fundamental flaw† that places â€Å"an unbearable burden† and â€Å"distorts agriculture† (Indian Express, March 19, 2013). Quite often, the claims are partly due to a misconception that the government is making new financial and grain commitments under the NFSB. In fact, the NFSB does little more than turning into legal entitlements pre-existing food security schemes such as the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme, Mid-Day Meal (MDM) Scheme, Public Distribution System (PDS) and maternity entitlements. Some commentators have said that it is precisely the legal commitment that will lead to problems in the future — for example, the fear of the emergence of a government monopoly in the grain market. This fear is not borne out by the facts. Under the PDS, ICDS and MDM, the government currently allocates about 58 million tonnes of grain. To meet this commitment, the government currently procures about 30 per cent of grain. The NFSB commits 62 million tonnes, i. e. , an additional 4 million tonnes. The Budget of 2013-14 allocates Rs. 31,000 crore for two childrens food schemes — school meals and the ICDS which reaches children under six. The Budget allocation for the food subsidy in 2013-14 is Rs 90,000 crore. According to our estimates, the food subsidy will increase from Rs 80,000 crore (in 2012-13) to Rs 1,11,221 crore, under the NFSB. Thus, the NFSB implies an increase of just over Rs 30,000 crores in financial terms and 4 million tonnes in real (grain) terms. Can India afford this? Speaking at a panel discussion at IIT Delhi in February, Deputy Chairperson of the Planning Commission, Montek Singh Ahluwalia, said â€Å"it would be dishonest† to say that we cannot afford the Food Bill, and that the subsidies that we need to target are those enjoyed by the middle classes (e. g. , fuel). Speaking at the same discussion, Amartya Sen made a pertinent point — that the reason why it is more difficult to reduce subsidies enjoyed by the middle classes (fuels such as LPG, petrol and diesel) is that the beneficiaries of those are more vocal than the rural poor or children under six who benefit from the food subsidies. This point is well illustrated by the events following last years Budget. The Budget 2012-13 announced a 1 per cent excise duty on unbranded jewellery and doubled custom duty on gold to 4 per cent. Gold is the countrys second biggest import, after crude oil. This burden on the current account deficit was an important reason for doubling the customs duty. Following this, the All India Gems and Jewellery Trade Federation and others initiated a strike which went on for 21 days. They argued that the industry, including the â€Å"large† number of people it employs, and buyers of gold, would suffer. A massive media campaign was launched, following which the Finance Minister withdrew the excise duty. According to the revenue foregone statement presented along with the Budget 2013-14, the revenue foregone from the gold and diamond industry for the previous financial year was Rs. 5,000 crore. Such tax breaks are often justified on the grounds of the employment potential of the gems and jewellery industry. According to Invest India, a website of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, â€Å"The sector provides employment to around 1. 8 million people. In the next five years, the sector is expected to create additional employment for around 1. 1 million people. † According to the National Sample Survey Organisation, 2009-10, the size of the Indian workforce is between 430-471 million persons. If the gems and jewellery industry employs 3 million people as per the Ministrys target, this would be 0. per cent of the workforce. An industry that employs less than one per cent of the Indian workforce is currently enjoying tax benefits amounting to Rs 65,000 crore (nearly 20 per cent of all revenue foregone). The Food Bill will benefit 67 per cent of the population at an additional cost of Rs 30,000 crore, yet it is said that it will â€Å"torpedo† the Budget. If anything, the NFSB does not go far enough. The NFSB tabled in Parliament in December 2011 included special provisions for the destitute and other vulnerable groups (e. g. , community kitchens and social security pensions). These have been discarded in the version cleared by Cabinet on March 19, 2013. In many rural areas, the Block is already too far to go to complain, yet for violations of rights under the NFSB, grievance redressal only begins at the District level. Viewed in this comparative perspective (for example, it is approximately 1 per cent of the GDP), few can question the affordability or desirability of the NFSB. In absolute terms it is not a small amount. One might argue whether such expenditure is worth it, given the â€Å"fact† that the programmes in its ambit, for example, the PDS, are â€Å"dysfunctional† (Indian Express, March 19, 2013). However, recent data from the National Sample Survey of 2004-05 and 2009-10 suggest that while the functioning of the PDS is far from perfect, we do need to update our â€Å"facts†. In joint research with Jean Dreze, we show that the implicit subsidy from the PDS eliminates 18 per cent (14 per cent) of the â€Å"poverty gap† — or the difference between the poverty line level of income and the median income (or monthly per capita consumption expenditure) of poor households — among poor rural (urban) households. Again, there are marked inter-State contrasts — in Tamil Nadu the corresponding figure is 60 per cent and in Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh it is nearly 40 per cent. The real question then is not whether India can afford to have a right to food but as the Food Minister said in a recent interview, â€Å"Can we afford not to? † Food as a right In its latest form, the National Food Security Bill, 2013 promises to address the extreme irony of an ambitious nation holding mountains of food in storage, while masses of its people are undernourished or even starving. The right to food is finally on the threshold of being legislated. Every step taken to widen the coverage of food security schemes is an advance. Yet, the empirical truth is that incremental measures at targeting the needy are a poor substitute for a cohesive, rights-based universal system of food entitlements. There are, no doubt, many positives to the new legislation, such as coverage of up to 75 per cent of eligible priority households in rural areas, the importance given to women as the head of the household for issue of ration cards, inclusion of pregnant and lactating women for free meals (some in government wanted to take away this entitlement from women ho bear more than two children but the idea was sensibly dropped), and setting up of State Food Commissions to investigate violations of entitlements. Under the proposed law, it will be up to the States to frame criteria and choose the priority households for food entitlements, an exercise that will inevitably be accompanied by the well-documented troubles associated with targeting any welfare scheme. Exclusion of any deserving household is unfair and divisive. It poses a challenge to States that wish to provide universal access, an issue that is bound to be felt acutely in urban areas attracting tens of thousands of migrant labourers. The Centre is unwilling to countenance a Universal Public Distribution System on the ground that too much money is involved. Even under the latest Bill, it is argued, the exchequer would have to bear a heavy expenditure of Rs. 1. 24 lakh crore. Yet, the government has not hesitated to build up expensive food stocks over the years, some of which is left to rot, mainly to pay the high support prices demanded by influential sections of the farm lobby. Moreover, the policy orientation is disproportionately favourable towards some sectors such as infrastructure, compared to food and health care. Evidently, the Food Bill can and should do a lot more, to become near-universal and win over sceptics such as Tamil Nadu, which has opposed it on the ground that it is inferior to the universal PDS in the State. Also noteworthy is the fact that the Chhattisgarh Food Security Act has done better than the Centre’s proposed law in some respects — by supplying subsidised pulses and covering 90 per cent of households, for example.

Handmaids Tale Vs. Fire Dwelle :: essays research papers fc

In the two books Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale, and Margaret Laurence’s The Fire Dweller’s, the protagonists are very different in character. However, both of these women lost their identity due to an outside influence. In each of the books we see the nature of the lost identity, the circumstances which led to this lost identity and the consequences which occurred as a result of this lost identity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the book The Handmaid’s Tale by Margaret Atwood our main character (Offred) has had her whole world stolen away by the government of Gilead. This new society is sexually repressed, and is founded by religious extremists. Women are only used to produce children, and have no rights at all in the new world of Gilead.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the book The Fire Dwellers by Margaret Laurence our main character Stacey MacAindra has been thrown into a life of responsibility. She has an uncommunicative husband who means well, but shows her no love. And four children who she feels are being ruined by her every action. She feels that life has much more to offer than the tediousness of every day routine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The nature of Offred’s lost identity is very drastic. Before the new religious group of Gilead took over the world she was a very normal every day woman. She did what was expected of her time and continued to do so after the take over. She had a husband and a daughter who she loved very much. But the new society which she lives in love is not permitted. “ If I thought that this would happen again I would die. But this is wrong, nobody dies from lack of sex. It’s lack of love we die from. There’s nobody here I can love, all the people I could love are dead or elsewhere'; . Offred also had the choice of free will before her civilization changed. But then slowly women began to lose all of their rights and were no longer allowed to have jobs or even to use money,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  “Sorry, he said. This number is not valid.';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  “That’s ridiculous, I said. It must be, I’ve got thousands in my account.';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  “It’s not valid, he repeated obstinately. See that red light? Means it’s not   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  valid,';(p.164). “In the days of anarchy, it was freedom to. Now you are being given freedom from'; (p.24). Social class was not a racial matter before the take over; and each individual was treated equally.

Reputation Management :: Visibility, Transparency, Responsiveness

The research suggests that reputation comes from relationships and trust. Fombrun (1996) stated that to have a positive reputation managers must invest in building and maintaining good relationships. Building relationships with the company’s publics can result in a higher opinion of their reputation. These relationships also builds trust in the company. â€Å"Trust, like reputation, can take years and resources to build up, and while it may be difficult to break, it, again, like reputation, can take considerable time and even more resources to restore† (Bronn, 2010, pg. 310). With both relationships and trust, a company must be communicating with its publics. Van Riel and Fombrun (2007) developed six key communications principles that yield a high reputation: visibility, distinctiveness, authenticity, transparency, consistency and responsiveness (pg. 313). Applying these six principles to the Carnival case, we can determine if Carnival used them in managing their reput ation. Visibility deals with the public and market prominence of the organization or how much people know about the organization (pg 313). During this crisis, Carnival used social media to keep people updated about what was happening at sea. Before this instance, Carnival was a common name in the cruise industry. According to the Carnival website (www.carnival.com) Carnival is apart of the World’s Leading Cruise Lines alliance. Coombs (2010) said that, â€Å"a strong reputation prior to a crisis is an asset to organizations during the crisis† (pg. 478). Having this positive reputation before hand should help Carnival in the end with customers. Distinctiveness are the characteristics that set an organization apart from others. These characteristics can be its logo, slogan and trademarks (pg. 314). Carnival has all three, a distinct logo, slogan â€Å"Fun for All. All for Fun.† and trademarks on the names of ships, â€Å"Splendor†, â€Å"Freedom† and †Å"Liberty† to name a few of the 23 different ships (www.carnival.com). Authenticity helps make an organization real, genuine, accurate, reliable and trustworthy (pg. 314). By using social media and addressing the crisis head on, the company appears trustworthy to people. Carnival took responsibility for the accident and tried to solve it as quick as possible. The CEO of Carnival also made a public apology to those on the ship and to Carnival customers. Next, transparency is how much information and access stakeholders have about an organization (pg. 314). The Carnival Cruise Director John Heald went to his blog to offer updates and on-broad accounts to consumers and the press. Reputation Management :: Visibility, Transparency, Responsiveness The research suggests that reputation comes from relationships and trust. Fombrun (1996) stated that to have a positive reputation managers must invest in building and maintaining good relationships. Building relationships with the company’s publics can result in a higher opinion of their reputation. These relationships also builds trust in the company. â€Å"Trust, like reputation, can take years and resources to build up, and while it may be difficult to break, it, again, like reputation, can take considerable time and even more resources to restore† (Bronn, 2010, pg. 310). With both relationships and trust, a company must be communicating with its publics. Van Riel and Fombrun (2007) developed six key communications principles that yield a high reputation: visibility, distinctiveness, authenticity, transparency, consistency and responsiveness (pg. 313). Applying these six principles to the Carnival case, we can determine if Carnival used them in managing their reput ation. Visibility deals with the public and market prominence of the organization or how much people know about the organization (pg 313). During this crisis, Carnival used social media to keep people updated about what was happening at sea. Before this instance, Carnival was a common name in the cruise industry. According to the Carnival website (www.carnival.com) Carnival is apart of the World’s Leading Cruise Lines alliance. Coombs (2010) said that, â€Å"a strong reputation prior to a crisis is an asset to organizations during the crisis† (pg. 478). Having this positive reputation before hand should help Carnival in the end with customers. Distinctiveness are the characteristics that set an organization apart from others. These characteristics can be its logo, slogan and trademarks (pg. 314). Carnival has all three, a distinct logo, slogan â€Å"Fun for All. All for Fun.† and trademarks on the names of ships, â€Å"Splendor†, â€Å"Freedom† and †Å"Liberty† to name a few of the 23 different ships (www.carnival.com). Authenticity helps make an organization real, genuine, accurate, reliable and trustworthy (pg. 314). By using social media and addressing the crisis head on, the company appears trustworthy to people. Carnival took responsibility for the accident and tried to solve it as quick as possible. The CEO of Carnival also made a public apology to those on the ship and to Carnival customers. Next, transparency is how much information and access stakeholders have about an organization (pg. 314). The Carnival Cruise Director John Heald went to his blog to offer updates and on-broad accounts to consumers and the press.

Raphael’s Triumph of Galatea from 1512

Art is interesting because it is simultaneously distinct and contextual: great art stands on its own, but it also stands in the shadow of that which has come before, and serves as the guiding light to cast the shadows of that which will come after it. Two paintings which share a number of similarities and differences are Raphael’s Triumph of Galatea from 1512 and Bronzino’s Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time from 1546. Each work concentrates on representing mythological characters and events, and concerns itself with notions of love.However, Raphel’s work represents love and beauty as archetypal, more abstract concepts, where Bronzino’s work has achieved both fame and infamy for its sexual overtones, emphasizing erotic love. Raphael’s painting is a fresco, and uses more washed-out colors to represent the dream-like aspect of the events: even as Galatea is on the cusp of divination, the world becomes less real to her, and more dream-like, which is what th e painting attempts to emphasize.Bronzino’s work emphasizes flesh-colors to bring out the striking nudity of its characters, as well as the barely-concealed sexual nature of the proceedings. Bronzino draws the eye to the sexual proceedings between Cupid and Venus by putting Venus in the foreground, which contrasts quite well with Raphael’s focus on the nymph: while she is centered and obviously the focus of the work (the eyes are inevitably drawn to her), but she is drawn to the same scale (relative to the viewer) as the other mythological figures of the work.Additionally, while each work uses mythological characters, each does so to a very different end: in focusing on ascension to divinity, Raphael concentrates on this event as the culmination of earthly beauty becoming transcendent†¦something to which even we mere mortals can aspire. By contrast, Bronzino’s work serves an allegorical function: the borderline incestuous events that are being enacted by Ve nus and Cupid are being overseen by Folly (looking pleased, as an unsubtle indicator that their action is a foolish one) and a horrified Father Time.Other characters are in similar â€Å"reaction shots† of shock and horror. While both Raphael and Bronzino were Italian, their works were products of very different cultural movements. The allegorical art of Bronzino is the textbook ideal of Mannerism: it is intellectual and thought-provoking while at the same time drawing attention to the artificial nature of what is being portrayed.Arguably, such works function more as spectacle than art, as part of the work’s power lies not within the work itself, but in the reaction it engenders from others. Raphael, of course, epitomized the use of the fresco: being painted to complement the opulence of a home, it focuses on the aspects that the rich commissioner wishes to see in himself (the intersection between earthly existence and spiritual divinity is, of course, featured in the home of someone who earnestly hopes their earthly wealth can be tempered by spiritual riches).Obviously, Raphael and Bronzino utilized different mediums in different time periods to represent different events. However, it is striking how, regarding subject matter, each one approached things so differently. Raphael treated the mythological characters with an almost historical focus, and chose to highlight the spirituality and divinity of a single mythological event.Bronzino’s work takes on the nature of a grotesque hypothetical, and serves to remind cultured art aficionados that the decadence of the mythological characters that they so love is nothing to be admired or emulated. Each artist, however, was concerned with what beauty was, whether that answer is spiritual or simple practical: whether it concerns transcendent godly love or simple earthly passion. In the debate between these two points of view, the substance of their art lives forever.

How to Write a Perfect Social Worker Resume (Examples Included)

How to Write a Perfect Social Worker Resume (Examples Included) If you’re familiar with the world of social workers, you know that this isn’t a career path for the faint of heart. It’s one where you are working closely with people who need the most helps)How to Write a Perfect Occupational Therapist ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Physician Assistant Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Receptionist Resume (Examples Included)How to Create a Perfect Retail ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Sales Associate Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Social Worker Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Truck Driver Resume (With Examples)

Dead Star Essays

Dead Star Essays Dead Star Essay Dead Star Essay Based on a true story, the film begins portraying Lorenzo Odone leading his chief life on the Comoro Islands where he learns, plays and enjoys interacting with other people in the place. Lorenzo is the son of Michaela and Augusto Odone. At the age of 6, things start to go wrong with him. He begins to have strange memory problems, blackouts, he collapses, he raves and he loses his hearing.So his concerned parents got worried and take him to the doctor. When Augusto and Michaela talked to the doctor, they were told that Lorenzo has been diagnosed with the childhood cerebral form of adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD), a progressive degenerative nervous system disorder. This disease has no cure and quite rare. The doctor explained to Augusto and Michaela the slowly arising symptoms that will be experienced by their son until he will be disabled and die in 2 years.The parents’ hearts were shattered upon hearing all those especially for Michaela when she found out that his son got this disease from her because mothers, who are the only carriers, pass this to their sons. They took Lorenzo to one of the worlds foremost experts but bypass the slow lane of medical research. They decided to be independent to medical science because they believe that the time remaining will not be enough if they would still wait for ongoing medical examination for ALD.They take matters into their own hands and start their own investigation of the disease even though neither has a scientific or medical background. The couple spends countless hours in medical libraries reading journal articles and talking to researchers and doctors. Although doctors tell the Odones there’s no hope for their son, Augusto tries to find out all he can about the disease. He keeps on discussing with his wife how to reduce and normalize these fatty acids that hinder Lorenzo’s regular body metabolism.They even make Lorenzo go through a diet which inhibits him the intake of saturated fat-containing food. This strategy still keeps the oleic acid of Lorenzo keeps on rising until they found out that it is not enough to restrain the entrance of saturated fats in his body but also to reduce the process of its body to produce this fatty acid. As Augusto continues on their studies he was able to sum up all the variables to know the right treatment for his son. After much hard work and some inspiration, they helped develop a treatment for ALD made from olive and rapeseed, which name Lorenzo’s Oil.The Odones had to fight the medical establishment and even other parents of ALD boys to win acceptance of their discovery. At the end of the movie, Lorenzo is able to communicate by a modified sign language. The story ends on a positive note as several children with ALD who have been treated with Lorenzos Oil are shown to be healthy. 1) Basically, we can relate the story to the present lesson in genetics for the cause of Lorenzo got his illness from his mother. Meaning, the adrenoleukodystophy or ALD is one of the inherited diseases carried by a mother’s gene and this is associated with the Law of Inheritance.With this topic, it can be further explained through our discussions in genetics about questions like: What are the processes involve on how Lorenzo got ALD? Why is it that this disease can only pass in to male offspring? In the movie, Augusto and Michaela also include Genetics as one of the subject matter they should study in order to recognize and gather all the needed information for them to understand even the deeper edges about the rare disease Lorenzo’s carrying so that they can formulate its treatment. ) The story is all about a father and a mother fighting for their son to live despite that their belief appear as impossibility for the people that surround them. As individuals, it would be quite easy to feel helpless while up against a disease such as ALD. But Augusto and Michaela Odone refused to just stand while their sons life slipped away from them. Instead, they decided to learn as much as they could about their sons devastating illness and then set about to find a cure. They spend almost 24 hours in thinking and doing everything they could to save their son’s life.Normally this part will touch every viewer’s heart but what made my tears fall was when Michaela is giving away this line to her son saying, If this is too much for you my sweetheart, then you fly. You fly as fast as you can to Baby Jesus. Its ok. Mama and papa will be ok. This tore my heart because it shows that with all the efforts and no matter how Michaela wants to see her son alive, she will always be ready to let him go for the freedom of Lorenzo from all the pain that he is suffering. 3) The story is a true masterpiece about hope. The arents in order to survive their son to illness didn’t depend their son’s chance to live to the doctors instead, they exceeded the ability of any doctor could do and at the same time performed as an extraordinary parents with full of faith on what they are doing. Because of hope, they turned misfortune into miracles and tragedy into triumph. With all the struggles that they had been through, it made they’re life more meaningful and this only means there’s no difficulty God will give us that we cannot surpass. 4) The movie making is spectacular and of highest quality.I wept several times when watching this film. This is a n intense drama with fine acting and something to think about deeply. The emotional roller coaster of confusion, assurance, despair, determination, disappointment, guilt, love, joy, and perseverance are beautifully depicted. It’s also quite inspiring. I have immense admiration for Augusto and Michaela. Facing mockery, skepticism and criticism, they persevered in their quest to help stop a deadly disease. The Odones struggled and conquered their misfortune, and their achievement was outstanding.

12 Misunderstood and Misquoted Shakespearean Expressions

12 Misunderstood and Misquoted Shakespearean Expressions 12 Misunderstood and Misquoted Shakespearean Expressions 12 Misunderstood and Misquoted Shakespearean Expressions By Mark Nichol The plays of William Shakespeare provide a wealth of pithy sayings many of which he likely popularized rather than produced himself, though we may still be grateful to him for sharing them. Unfortunately, sometimes the original sense is adulterated by careless usage, so that the eloquent force of the expression is weakened. Here are a dozen of Shakespeare’s phrases with comments about their original wording and meaning: 1. â€Å"At one fell swoop† This phrase from Macduff’s grief-stricken lamentation about the murder of his family in Macbeth uses the archaic word fell, meaning â€Å"fierce,† to extend the metaphor of the perpetrator (who he calls a â€Å"hell-kite†) as a bird of prey. Modern usage is generally more casual and even comical. 2. â€Å"Brave new world† This phrase from a speech by Miranda, daughter of the wizard Prospero in The Tempest, naively uses brave in the sense of â€Å"handsome† when she first lays eyes on other men. The subtext in Shakespeare is that those she refers to are superficially attractive but substantially deficient in character. The sense is the same in the phrase as it appears in the title of Aldous Huxley’s dystopian classic. Unfortunately, the dark sarcasm is being dulled by use of the phrase to blithely herald a bright future. 3. â€Å"Foregone conclusion† From Othello, this phrase means literally something that has already occurred (it has â€Å"gone before†); now, the phrase often refers to a conjectural event. 4. â€Å"Gild the lily† This misquotation from King John, which actually reads, â€Å"To gild refined gold, to paint the lily . . . is wasteful and ridiculous excess,† confuses the metaphor, because lilies are white, not gold. 5. â€Å"Lead on, Macduff† This misquotation from Macbeth, in which the title character baits his nemesis to attack him by saying, â€Å"Lay on, Macduff,† is now a variation of â€Å"After you† quite a diversion from the original intent. 6. â€Å"The milk of human kindness† This metaphor, employed in the service of a heartwarming connotation, would rouse the wrath of Lady Macbeth, whose reference to the virtue in the play named for her husband was contemptuous. 7. â€Å"More honored in the breach than the observance† This phrase from Hamlet has been twisted by time to mean an admirable custom that is neglected more often practiced. Shakespeare’s sense was of a deplorable custom that should be halted. The expression immediately follows another well-known but oft-misunderstood phrase: Hamlet refers to himself as one â€Å"to the manner born,† meaning â€Å"brought up to follow the custom,† but some people believe the phrase, when expressed out of context, to be â€Å"to the manor born,† referring to one raised in the opulent surroundings of a manor house. 8. â€Å"Neither rhyme nor reason† The modern focus is on the second element of this phrase from The Comedy of Errors, but the intent is to express a lack both of sense and of eloquence. 9. â€Å"Sea change† This expression from The Tempest refers to a deadly shift in weather, but now the sense of peril has been replaced by a connotation of significant transformation. 10. â€Å"Third degree† Shakespeare’s humorous reference in Twelfth Night to someone â€Å"in the third degree of drink† harks to the principle of degrees in natural philosophy, which assigns the third degree to the penultimate level of intensity. The modern sense is of merciless interrogation, though it’s usually employed in a lighthearted tone. 11. â€Å"What the dickens† Some of those unfamiliar with the origin of this expression The Merry Wives of Windsor assume it has a Victorian provenance and refers to Charles Dickens. But dickens is an Elizabethan euphemism for the devil, and Shakespeare employs it as an oath. 12. â€Å"The worlds mine oyster† The usual assumption is that one can easily lay the world wide open and extract its contents. But the boast in The Merry Wives of Windsor goes on to say, â€Å"Which I with sword will open,† expressing the partaker’s more active and more violent role. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Passed vs PastThe Four Sounds of the Spelling OU45 Idioms with "Roll"

Spanish Golden Age Painting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Spanish Golden Age Painting - Essay Example From a political point of view the Spanish Golden Age lasted from the mid fifteenth till the late sixteenth centuries, but paradoxically reached a cultural and artistic climax when the country was in a state of political and economic decline, between the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In a time as significant as the Spanish Golden Age from a religious and historical point of view, the surrounding influences of class, gender, and religion, including issues of patronage, are extremely important. In order to understand the circumstances surrounding and influencing the artists discussed, attention will be given to the surrounding historical circumstances, while biographical details will be used to connect the work of art with the surrounding historical factors. At the same time, the unpredictability with which artistic genius reacts to its surrounding circumstances will be respected at all times. Research QuestionDiscuss Power and Control in Spanish Golden Age painting , focussing on the visual image as a representation of the social order in Spain's Golden Age (15th-17th centuries) and the influence on the Catholic Counter Reformation in Spain. An overview will be given of the historic and religious circumstances surrounding the following Spanish artists from the golden age: Sofonisba Anguissola (1532- 1625) El Greco (born as Domenikos Theotokopolos (1541-1614), Francisco de Zurbaran, (1598-1664) and Diego Velsquez (1599-1660).The study also intends to show how these historical and religious factors have influenced each individual artist and his or her work, depending on his or her class or race. The works that will be discussed are a self portrait by Anguissola, a self-portrait of the Zurbaran as "St Luke Painting the Crucifixion", a portrait by El Greco of "The Great Inquisitor Don Fernando Nino de Guevara" and Velsquez's famous "Portrait of "Pope Innocent X" and "Las Meninas."In the case of the female Anguissola it will be shown how her class as a noble woman and her piety in a Spain after Isabella, when the Virgin cult was flourishing, helped her to be recognized in court circles at a time when female artists were almost non-existent, and on the other hand, how she was restricted by her gender.In the case of El Greco the fact that he was a foreigner in Toledo at a time when the Counter Reformation was combined with a xenophobic hatred for Jews and Muslims, his rejection by King Phillip II and his patronage by clerics with whom he was surrounded had an influence on a creativity which nevertheless remained enigmatic.In the case of Francisco de Zurbaran the influence of his religious patrons on his work and life are more obvious: combining naturalism with religious sensibility, " conf orming to the guidelines, for counter reformation artists outlined by the Council of Trent." (Mans, 1) History of Spain Spain

Select a product of popular culture and identify and discuss the Essay

Select a product of popular culture and identify and discuss the ideology that it gives expression to - Essay Example For such a reason, it is in good terms with the corporate acceptance. It is because of such a reason, that it excludes any formal and official gatherings as a potential target market. There are interesting aspects of culture in the identity of Red Bull. Red Bull has expressed different culture and cult in various parts of the world. Red Bull main market routes include pubs and bars. Red Bull has built up connections and associations with other alcoholic drinks in Western Europe. It has kept distance association with other alcoholic drinks in the Asian markets. This displays the different cultural aspects it is regarded with, in different places. Red bull’s entry into the market followed a strategy rooted firmly on its brand identity. It is based on the principle that Red Bull is Yin and Yang. It proposes a concept of balance. The concept is represented by two forces or bulls that merge in opposition. Through vigorous fighting, they develop to complement and accommodate each other. They become strong, and both strive to reach the peak and perfection. This philosophy is again duplicated in the presentation of Red Bull. The presentation displays a product that attains balance between the mind and body. This implies that when one uses it, development in the body and mind is enhanced. Red Bull maintains good body and mind state, despite it being an alcoholic drink. It uses various techniques in convincing people of its benefits. Such a technique is physique. The drink promises to â€Å"vitalize the body and body†. Its close association with sports and its display that it â€Å"gives you wings† is both convincing and inspirational. It further convinces people of its ideology by distinguishing it from carbonated drinks. The carbonated drinks often contain kids and adolescent connotations. Another convincing physique aspect of the drink is in its packaging. The drink comes packed in a thin and lean can. This gives a look that is both vibrant and flexible. This

Legal Envirn of Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Legal Envirn of Business - Essay Example On reviewing the executive employment agreement between Jonny Bee Good and the Big Bad Company, there was a valid agreement made on the twenty first day of April in the year 2010. On this issue, the signature part is provided at the end of the terms and provisions’ script. This means that the executive should only sign to the contract after going through the entire script. On allocation of duties, Jonny Bee Good was hired as the president of the company expected to serve with much loyalty, faithfulness, and total devotion. However, the company had the right to modify or change the executive’s position and duties during the term of their agreement. On the issue of compensations, the company offered compensation with respect to its customary payroll practice. Two hundred and twenty five thousand dollars was the executives’ base salary by the Big Bad Cars Company. The salary was to be reviewed annually by the board in accordance to the company’s review polici es and practices. Incentive compensation programs would be in operation whereby the executive would be eligible to in participation. On the issue of termination of the contract, according to the contract, the agreement was supposed to operate in full force with no breakage until the two parties are associated in breaking it. The two parties could only terminate the contract upon agreement. The company could also terminate the agreement in absence of the executive but only upon a written notice, while the company would pay executive the compensation to which he would be entitled. The executive held the right to terminate the contract with or without a good reason but upon a written notice of ninety and thirty days respectively. Contract between the two parties was meant to last for a period of two years according to their agreement. In that case, a total or $450,000 would be entitled for Jonny Bee Good as his compensation after the contract. Centrally

Accounting Industry in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Accounting Industry in the USA - Essay Example Before this, it is used to known as the big five. External Factors affecting the performance of the Industry A business unit does not operate in hollow. It operates in an environment. The business environmental factors can be categorized as micro and macro environmental factors. The micro or internal environmental factors are those that can be controlled, whereas the macro or external environmental factors cannot be controlled by the firm and yet those factors affect the modus operand of a firm immensely. Therefore it is important for companies belonging to any industry monitor the external environmental factors and develop or modify business strategies accordingly. The external environmental factors include Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors or in short PEST (Cowan, 2005). Political Factors The political environment in the US is quite stable. Although the country has been engaged in conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan; the local political environment has not been ha mpered by those issues. The Us government - both present and past have welcomed business investments due to which the country has become one of the economic superpowers. However, due to increase in competition, there have been cases of unethical practices. As a result, the government has imposed strict legal measures on companies induced in unethical practices. Accounting professionals have a huge role to play to ensure ethical practices are conducted by the company. Hence from an accounting firm’s perspective, it is important that reporting and mandatory disclosures are carried out ethically to avoid legal punitive actions from the government or any other regulatory bodies (Henry, 2008). Economic Factors The global economy especially Europe and U.S. are looking to get over the economic recession. The economic downturn has forced most of the companies including the major firms to focus on cost minimization. The accounting professionals play a very important role in providing a recommendation to the management to minimize cost without comprising the overall the performance of the firm. Also due to the economic recession, various companies look to outsource the accounting activities to specialist accounting firms. This may cause the companies a few bucks, but all in all, it actually helps the companies to make the business operations a lot smoother as professionals would be looking after the core accounting issues. Social Factors The people of U.S. have always been entrepreneurial in nature and hence this provides a lot of opportunity to the accounting firms as such companies may look for specialists who can help the companies in overall accounting operations.

Economic Analysis of Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic Analysis of Pollution - Essay Example Many individuals as well as international organisations have been involved in advocating for ethical ways of conducting human activities geared towards mitigating the effects of these activities to the environment. It is important to consider the fact that, economists have also been involved in this advocacy. This paper contrasts the relative merit of taxes, legal regulatory limits and tradable emissions in controlling pollution using an economic analysis. Taxes In an economics perspective, taxes can be used as mechanisms or tools for the control of pollution. Levies known as green taxes can be imposed in an attempt to prevent and as well mitigate the consequences of pollution. These taxes can also be referred to as environmental taxes. In definition, green taxes are defined as levies and can be imposed on industries and countries or nations that produce high levels of emissions. The extent of damage to the environment is a significant factor in considering and determining the amount of levies that a country should impose. Unleaded petrol and use of vehicles amounts to the highest levels of environmental pollution hence industrialised countries generate a higher amount of revenues from taxes imposed on these commodities. Commodities that have less impact on the environment in terms of emissions generate low or decreased amounts of revenue. Emissions in terms of green taxes are easier to monitor and quantify as compared to tradable permits (Norregaard and Reppelin-Hill, 2000). Imposing green taxes in these developed and industrialised countries have significantly contributed to the decrease in the amount of emissions that leads to the warming of the environment. In the industrial sector, green taxes have focused on levies imposed based on the amount of carbon dioxide produced by a specific industry. Due to the fact that it is very hard to quantify the amount or level of carbon dioxide produced by a certain industry, estimates are used. The higher the carbon diox ide produced and released to the atmosphere, the higher the taxes. This helps in discouraging industries to use fuels that generate large volumes of gases particularly carbon dioxide and subsequently adapt cleaner sources of energy. Studies done over the recent past have indicated the fact that imposing green taxes can change consumption patterns of most commodities. Imposing high taxes on unleaded petrol force individuals to change to cleaner fuels as they attract fewer taxes. This in the long run cuts significantly the amount of dangerous gases such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Taxes and tradable permits have divergent merits. According to Norregaard and Reppelin-Hill (2000:7), â€Å"Taxes minimise ex-post efficiency losses if the marginal cost function is steeper than the marginal damage function, while tradable permits are better if the damage function is steeper† Tradable permits Some countries some as the US have adapted the incorporation of tradable permits in the fight against environmental pollution. In contrast to green taxes, permits do not attain better and enhanced results on pollution control as they encourage industries to connive. In general, tradable permits are used with the main objective of managing and regulating the use of substances that contribute to increase in the level of emissions in the atmosphere. It is important for countries adapting this system to ensure they assess the significance and objective of these tradable permits and the benefits they will bring to the management of the environment. Plans of actions also need to be implemented to observe and monitor these emissions to the atmosphere. Permits should not be granted in a manner that would lead to

Accounting Industry in the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Accounting Industry in the USA - Essay Example Before this, it is used to known as the big five. External Factors affecting the performance of the Industry A business unit does not operate in hollow. It operates in an environment. The business environmental factors can be categorized as micro and macro environmental factors. The micro or internal environmental factors are those that can be controlled, whereas the macro or external environmental factors cannot be controlled by the firm and yet those factors affect the modus operand of a firm immensely. Therefore it is important for companies belonging to any industry monitor the external environmental factors and develop or modify business strategies accordingly. The external environmental factors include Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors or in short PEST (Cowan, 2005). Political Factors The political environment in the US is quite stable. Although the country has been engaged in conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan; the local political environment has not been ha mpered by those issues. The Us government - both present and past have welcomed business investments due to which the country has become one of the economic superpowers. However, due to increase in competition, there have been cases of unethical practices. As a result, the government has imposed strict legal measures on companies induced in unethical practices. Accounting professionals have a huge role to play to ensure ethical practices are conducted by the company. Hence from an accounting firm’s perspective, it is important that reporting and mandatory disclosures are carried out ethically to avoid legal punitive actions from the government or any other regulatory bodies (Henry, 2008). Economic Factors The global economy especially Europe and U.S. are looking to get over the economic recession. The economic downturn has forced most of the companies including the major firms to focus on cost minimization. The accounting professionals play a very important role in providing a recommendation to the management to minimize cost without comprising the overall the performance of the firm. Also due to the economic recession, various companies look to outsource the accounting activities to specialist accounting firms. This may cause the companies a few bucks, but all in all, it actually helps the companies to make the business operations a lot smoother as professionals would be looking after the core accounting issues. Social Factors The people of U.S. have always been entrepreneurial in nature and hence this provides a lot of opportunity to the accounting firms as such companies may look for specialists who can help the companies in overall accounting operations.

Using The Internet In Hospitality And Tourism Industry Research Paper

Using The Internet In Hospitality And Tourism Industry - Research Paper Example Present-day travelers are hyper-interactive, who are texting, tweeting, emailing, communicating with friends via Facebook and commenting on their current or previous travels. The advent of social media and mobile Web means that potential guests for the hospitality industry have continuous access to multi-channel interaction and sharing opinions. Thus hotel websites have to be designed in order to handle this hyper-interactive user. Thus hotel websites can no longer be static brochures with stale and boring context. (Max Starkov). The Holiday Inn hotel is a subsidiary of the IHG group of companies. It is a brand which remains consistent towards the board. Guests at the 1874 Holiday Inn hotels around the world know that they will be treated well and have a certain level of expectations regarding the service. In fact, the idea for the Holiday Inn hotels came into the mind of its founder, Kemmons Wilson when he was disappointed with the consistency of roadside motels during a trip to Washington DC. Consistency is a great advantage when it comes to providing services. The art of total quality management lies with the hospitality greats like Marriott, Hilton and of course Holiday Inn but when it comes to social media policies and the ever-changing world of the internet consistency has a huge downside. Consistency is not the only key feature of the Holiday Inn hotels and resorts. Innovation goes side by side with consistency. Holiday Inn hotels were the first ones to introduce the Holidex reservation system giving its competitors a run for the money. Holiday Inn hotels also initiated the idea for indoor pools, termed Holidromes, turning its hotels into resorts.

Anorexia Nervosa Essay Example for Free

Anorexia Nervosa Essay I. Introduction Anorexia nervosa has received a great deal of attention in the popular media in recent years. This disorder is listed under the category of disorders of childhood or adolescence in DSM-III. Anorexia consists of extreme weight loss due to a reduction in eating. It occurs most frequently in female adolescents; only about 1 in 10 people with anorexia are male. The disorder is believed to be rate, but one study found an incidence of 1 case out of 200 adolescent girls. Anorexia begins when the adolescent starts to diet. The person often has major problems in self-esteem and concerns about physical appearance. Weight reduction may be one way for the person to feel in control of her or his behavior, and to improve self-esteem ( Lager, 2003).   However, for anorexics, dieting gets out of hand. They develop an unreasonable fear of eating, and often suppress hunger by engaging in repetitive activity such as frequent exercising. When anorexics must eat because others (e.g., parent) demand it, they often will induce vomiting after meals to get rid of the food ingested. Even though the anorexic begins to waste away and develops such physical problems as cessation of menstruation (for girls), constipation, and imbalances in body chemistry, she or he is often unconcerned about the life-threatening aspect of the behavior (Darby, 2001). Anorexics continue to perceive themselves as heavier that they really are, and some continue to avoid eating until they die from starvation. Death may occur in up to 15 percent of anorexics. This paper intent to: (1) understand what anorexia nervosa really means and its effects; (2) know the measures for managing anorexia; (3) be aware of the use of pharmacologic agents to stimulate appetite in the terminally ill and; (4) be familiar of the factors influencing nutritional status in varied situations. II. Background Anorexia Nervosa is a psychiatric disorder characterized by an aversion to food and a resulting extreme loss of weight. It is most common in teenage girls and young women. The victims, although not necessarily overweight, become obsessed with a fear of obesity and deliberately subject themselves to a starvation diet (see â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa Overview.† eMedicineHeath. Emergency Care + Consumer Health). The resulting malnutrition typically leads to constipation, vomiting, low body temperature, low blood pressure, and amenorrhea (cessation of menstruation). Victims can lose up to 25 percent of their body weight and, if untreated, may die. Treatment for anorexia consists of hospitalization along with psychotherapy and counseling. Victims are either fed intravenously or are placed on a high-calorie, high-protein diet supplemented by large doses of vitamins. A. What are an anorexia nervosa and its effects? At the other end of the spectrum from obesity is anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder associated with self-imposed starvation. The already underweight person continues to restrict food intake, often to the point where death is a genuine concern. One of the most distinguishing traits of people who have anorexia nervosa is that they do not see themselves as thin (Halmi, 2004). When they look in a mirror, they actually perceive themselves to be overweight or gaining weight. In the latter case they may go out and jog 5 miles or stay up all night jumping jacks. The resulting weight loss and attendant physical stress often lead to an absence of menstruation among females, and the person may look pallid and gaunt. III. Discussion Anorexia is a puzzling disorder. Why would an otherwise healthy young person starve to death? Although some explanations of anorexia have focused on biological causes (a possible malfunction of the hypothalamus which could lead to a lack of desire for food), current views focus on problems in the family which may lead to anorexic behavior. The parents of anorexic adolescents are often very controlling and attempt to order their children’s lives to a greater extent than do parents of non-anorexics. Furthermore, the families are often filled with conflict between family members. Anorexic behavior may be an extreme, distorted attempt by the adolescent to control at least one aspect of her or his own behavior. Treatment of anorexia usually involves several different emphases. If the weight loss is life threatening, medical intervention (e.g., intravenous feeding) is necessary. The reinstitution of eating behavior and achieved using behavioral approaches; however, these gains are often short-lived. Most treatment programs report success rates as high as 86 percent. However, anorexia still results in death for some individuals. A. Measures for managing Anorexia Anorexia is a common problem in the seriously ill. The profound changes in the patient’s appearance and his or her concomitant lack of interest in the socially important rituals of mealtime are particularly disturbing to families. The approach to the problem varies depending on the patient’s stage of illness, level of disability associated with the illness, and desires. Although causes of anorexia may be controlled for a period of time; progressive anorexia is an expected and natural part of the dying process. Anorexia may be related to or exacerbated by situational variables (eg, the ability to have meals with the family versus eating alone in the â€Å"sick room†), progression of the disease, treatment for the disease, or psychological distress. The patient and family should be instructed in strategies to manage the variables associated with anorexia. B. Measures for Managing Anorexia There are many ways in how to manage the patient who suffers from anorexia nervosa and it is divided into two measures, the medical interventions and patient and family tips. a) Medical Interventions The medical group initiates measures to ensure adequate dietary intake without adding stress to the patient at mealtimes and assess the impact of medications (eg,chemotherapy, antiretroviral) or other therapies (radiation therapy, dialysis)that are being used to treat the underlying illness. It administers and monitors effects of prescribed treatment for nausea, vomiting, and delayed gastric emptying and encourages patient to eat when effects of medications have subsided and assess and modify environment to eliminate unpleasant odors and other factors that cause nausea, vomiting, and anorexia. Remove items that may reduce appetite (soiled tissues, bedpans, emesis basins, clutter). This medical group assesses and manages anxiety and depression to the extent possible (see â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa: Treatment.† Mental Health. MayoClinic.com). It also assesses for constipation and/or intestinal obstruction and prevents and manages constipation on an ongoing basis, even when the patient’s intake is minimal. Furthermore, it provides frequent mouth care, particularly following nourishment, ensure that dentures are properly taken care, and administer and monitor effects of topical systematic for oropharyngeal pain. b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Patient and Family Teaching Tips The family reduces the focus on â€Å"balanced† meals; offer the same food as often as the patient desires it and increase the nutritional value of meals. For example, add dry milk powder to milk, and use this fortified milk to prepare cream soups, milkshakes, and gravies. Allow and encourage the patient to eat when hungry, regardless of usual meal times. Eliminate or reduce noxious cooking odors, pet odors, or other odors that may precipitate nausea, vomiting, or anorexia and keep patient’s environment clean, uncluttered and comfortable (Halmi, 2004). Make mealtime a shared experience away from the â€Å"sick† room whenever possible. Reduce stress at mealtimes. Avoid confrontations about the amount of food consumed. Reduce or eliminate routine weighing of the patient. Encourage patient to eat in a sitting position; elevate the head of the patient’s bed. The family plan meals (food selection and portion size) that the patient desires. Provide small frequent meals if they are easier for patient to eat. Encourage adequate fluid intake, dietary fiber, and use of bowel program to prevent constipation (Wrede-Seamn, 1999). C. Use of pharmacologic agents to stimulate appetite in the terminally ill A number of pharmacologic agents are commonly used to stimulate appetite in anorectic patients. Commonly used medications for appetite stimulation include dexamethasone (Decadron), cyproheptadine (Periactin), megestrol acetate (Megace), and dronabinol (Marinol). Dexamethasone initially increases appetite and may provide short-term weight gain in some patients. However, therapy may need to be discontinued in the patient with a longer life expectancy, as after 3 to 4 weeks corticosteroids interfere with the synthesis of muscle protein. Cyproheptadine may be used when corticosteroids are contraindicated, such as when the patient is diabetic. It promotes mild appetite increase but no appreciable weight gain. Megestrol acetate produces temporary weight gain of primarily fatty tissue, with little effect on protein balance. Because of the time required to see any effect from this agent, therapy should not be initiated if life expectancy is less than 30 days. Finally, dronabinol is not as effective as the other agents for appetite stimulation in most patients. Although the use of these agents may cause temporary weight gain, their use is not associated with an increase in lean body mass in the terminally ill. Therapy should be tapered or discontinued after 4 to 8 weeks if there is no response (Wrede-Seamn, 1999). D. Factors Influencing Nutritional Status in varied Situations. One sensitive indicator of the body’s gain or loss of protein is its nitrogen balance. An adult is said to be nitrogen equilibrium when the nitrogen intake (from food) equals the nitrogen output (in urine, feces, and perspiration); it is a sign of health. A positive nitrogen balance exists when nitrogen intake exceeds nitrogen output and indicates tissue growth, such as occurs during pregnancy, childhood, recovery from surgery, and rebuilding of wasted tissue. Negative nitrogen balance indicates that tissue is breaking down faster than it is being replaced. In the absence of an adequate intake of protein, the body converts protein to glucose for energy. This can occur with fever, starvation, surgery, burns, and debilitating diseases. Each gram of nitrogen loss in excess of intake represents the depletion of 6.25 g of protein or 25 g of muscle tissue. Therefore, a negative nitrogen balance of 10g/day for 10 days could mean the wasting of 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) of muscle tissue as it i s converted to glucose for energy. When conditions that result in negative nitrogen balance are coupled with anorexia (loss of appetite), they can lead to malnutrition. IV. Conclusion In conclusion, the prevailing belief among clinical psychologists has been that anorexia arises out of an unstable self-concept. Thus, the commitment to diet and weight control is seen as an attempt to establish a firm sense of identity (Bhanji, 1999). In addition, there is the possibility that this illness, which in about 85 percent of cases occurs in adolescent females, indicates a rejection of traditional feminine roles. Even career patterns play a role. In certain occupations where there is a premium on being thin—for example, ballet dancing—the incidence of clinical anorexia may be great as 50 percent. Further, it has been suggested that malfunctioning neurons in the hypothalamus may alter the metabolism and feeding patterns of people with anorexia nervosa (Leibowitz 2003).   At present, however, the empirical support for underlying neurological disturbances is scant (Logue, 1999).

Characterizing Novel Methoxybenzene via Boron-ate Complex

Characterizing Novel Methoxybenzene via Boron-ate Complex Synthesis and Characterization of Novel (E)-1-(hexa-3,5-dien-1-yl)-4-methoxybenzene via Boron-ate Complex Habib Hussain[*], Syeda Rubina Gilani, Zulfiqar Ali, Imdad Hussain, Hajira Rehman   Abstract: Novel (E)-1-(hexa-3,5-dien-1-yl)-4-methoxybenzene was synthesized through boron-ate complex. 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl diisopropylcarbamate was reacted with allylboronic acid pinacol ester in the presence of N,N,N,N-tetramethylethyllenediamine (TMEDA) to give secondary boronic ester which was further reacted with (vinylsulfonyl)benzene by using Grubbs Hoveyda II. Resulting product (E)-2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(phenylsulfonyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane was then treated with 1-bromo-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene in the presence of n-BuLi to get nucleophilic boron-ate complex. (E)-1-(hexa-3,5-dien-1-yl)-4-methoxybenzene was obtained in excellent yields by stirring boron-ate complex at 50oC for 1h and refluxing for 15h. Keywords: Lithiation Borylation, Secondary Boronic Ester, Olefin Cross Metathesis, 1-bromo-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene , Boron-ate Complex 1. Introduction Olefin metathesis chemistry1 has led a number of opportunities in organic synthesis. Olefin metathesis2involves the redistribution of fragments ofalkenes by regeneration of carbon-carbondouble bonds. There are numerous applications of olefin metathesis and it is an important methodology to produce reagents. Addition of aryl lithium reagents to secondary boronic esters results to a new class of chiral organometallic-type reagents which have broad utility in asymmetric organic synthesis. R. Larouche-Gauthier3 formed intermediate boron-ate complex by adding an aryllithium reagent to a secondary boronic ester. It behaved as a chiral nucleophile and maximum enantioselectivity was found by using electron withdrawing groups on aryllithium. Habib Hussain4 studied the effect of steric bulk of aryllithium on stereoselectivity of boron-ate complexes. Hoffmann5 obtained chiral Grignard reagents from sulfoxides Mg exchange reaction of halosulfoxides. Herbert C. Brown6 investigated iodination of the ate- complexes from various B-alkoxyborinane derivatives and 1-alkynyllithium. E. Vedejs7 synthesized ate- complexes which contained stereogenic boron by reacting trivalent boranes with nucleophiles. They noticed that stability of ate-complex depend upon the electronegativity of substituents attached to b oron. Ryschkewitsch, G. E8 resolved chiral boron-ate complexes by classical methods. Anna Bernardi 9 determined the role of ate-complxes im aldol stereoselectivity. In the recent paper, we reported the synthesis of Novel (E)-1-(hexa-3,5-dien-1-yl)-4-methoxybenzene (7). It was characterized by IR, 1H, 13C and ms. Lithiation-Borylation was used to synthesize the secondary boronic ester and by using olefin cross metathesis, it gave (E)-2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(phenylsulfonyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane when reacted with (vinylsulfonyl)benzene. (E)-2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(phenylsulfonyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane was converted into ate-complex when on heating produced the desired product. 2. Experimental Section 2.1. Materials: n-butyllithium (nBuLi), sec. butyllithium solution (sBuLi) (1.6M), pinacol, N,N,N,N-tetramethylethyllenediamine (TMEDA), (vinylsulfonyl)benzene, Grubbs Hoveyda II and 1-bromo-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. All reagents were used as such as received. To avoid from moisture diethyl ether (Et2O) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were dried with 4 A ° molecular sieves. The experiments were performed using schlenk line under nitrogen atmosphere in the absence of air and moisture. 2.2. Synthesis and Characterization of 2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (3): To a solution of 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl diisopropylcarbamate (1.0g, 3.41mmol, 1.0eq) (1) and N,N,N,N-tetramethylethyllenediamine (TMEDA) (0.61mL, 4.09mmol, 1.2eq) (2a) in Et2O (17mL) at -78oC, Sec. BuLi (1.6M in 92:8 cyclohexane/hexane, 2.9mL, 3.75mmol, 1.1eq) was dropwise added and stirred for 5h at -78oC. Then allylboronic acid pinacol ester (0.77mL, 4.09mmol, 1.2eq) (2) was dropwise added to the reaction mixture and further stirred at -78oC for 1h and allowed to warm to room temperature. At this stage, a solution of MgBr2.OEt2 in Et2O, made as follows, was added to the reaction mixture. [At room temperature, 1,2-dibromoethane (0.60mL, 6.88mmol, 1.0eq) was added into a suspension of magnesium (0.17g, 6.88mmol, 1.0eq) in Et2O (8.6mL). The reaction flask was further stirred for 2h after placing into a water bath in order to control the moderate exotherm]. Biphasic mixture having two layers thus obtained was added to the former reaction mixture via syringe and then refluxed for 16h . After cooling the reaction mixture to room temperature it was quenched with water. Et2O was added, the layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with Et2O. The combined organic layers were washed with 1N HCl, 1N NaOH, water and brine, dried (MgSO4), concentrated and purified by column chromatography (SiO2) and pure (R)-2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (3) (0.84g, 77.60%) was obtained as colorless oil. The reaction is given in Figure 1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ ppm 7.09 (2H, d, J=8.80 Hz, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArH) 6.81 (2H, d, J=8.80 Hz, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArH) 5.86 – 5.75 (1H, m, CH=CH2) 5.04 (1H, d, J=2.20 Hz, CH=CHH) 4.94 (1H, d, J=10.27 Hz, CH=CHH) 3.78 (3H, s, OCH3) 2.63 2.48 (2H, m, ArCH2CH2CHBCH2) 2.27 2.11 (2H, m, ArCH2CH2CHBCH2) 1.78 1.58 (2H, m, ArCH2CH2CHBCH2) 1.25 (12H, s, 4 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ CH3) 1.08 1.18 (1H, m, ArCH2CH2CHBCH2) 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ ppm 157.6 (1C, -OCH3), 138.4 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArCH), 135.0 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArCH), 129.2 (1C, ArC-O), 114.9 (1C, -CH2CH=CH2), 113.6 (1C, -CHb=CH2), 83.0 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ C(CH3)2), 55.2 (1C, ArCCH2), 35.3 (1C, CH2CH2CHB), 34.5 (1C, -CH2CHB), 33.1 (1C, -CHBCH2CH), 24.9 (1C, -CH2CH2CHB), 24.8 (4C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ (CH3)2C). 11B NMR (96.23 MHz, None) ÃŽ ´ ppm 33.24 IR (film): ÃŽ ½ (cm–1) 3026 (sp2C-H Stretch), 2977, 2924, 2852 (sp3 C-H Stretch), 1511, 1456(sp2 C=C Stretch), 1243, 1175, 1142 (sp3C-O Stretch), 846, 822, 670 (sp2 C-H oop bending). 2.3. Synthesis and Characterization of (E)-2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(phenylsulfonyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (5): Grubbs-Hoveyda II (4a) (3.9mg, 0.0063mmol, 0.05eq) was added to a solution of 2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (3) (40mg, 0.126 mmol, 1.0eq) and (vinylsulfonyl)benzene (4) (0.0635g, 0.378mmol, 3.0eq) in CH2Cl2 (2mL). After fitting a condenser to the flask, reaction mixture was refluxed for 15h under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was then reduced in volume to 0.5mL and purified directly on a silica gel column eluting with 9:1 Pet. Ether/ EtOAc to provide the desired product (E)-2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(phenylsulfonyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (5) as dark brown solid (0.0438g, 77.25%)10. m.p. 82.0oC 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ ppm 7.88-7.84 (2H, m, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArH) 7.62-7.56 (1H, m, , 1 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArH) 7.54-7.48 (2H, m, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArH) 7.05-6.99 (2H, m, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArH) 6.96 (1H, t, J=6.97 Hz, CH2-CH=CH) 6.84-6.77 (2H, m, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArH) 6.31 (1H, dt, J=15.16, 1.47 Hz, CH2-CH=CH) 3.78 (3H, s, -CH3) 2.59-2.45 (2H, m, CH2-CH2-CHB) 2.43-2.26 (2H, m, CH2-CHB-CH2) 1.77-1.66 (1H, m, CH2-CHB-CHH) 1.63-1.53 (1H, m, CH2-CHB-CHH) 1.27-1.21 (1H, m, CH2-CHB-CH2) 1.18 (12 H, s, 4 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ CH3) 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ ppm 157.7 (1C, ArC-O) 146.9 (1C, ArC-S) 140.8 (1C, CH=CH-S) 134.2 (1C, CH=CH-S) 133.1 (1C, ArC-CH2) 130.6 (1C, ArCH) 129.2 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArCH) 129.1 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArCH) 127.5 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArCH) 113.7 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArCH) 83.4 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ C(CH3)2) 55.2 (1C, OCH3) 34.1 (1C, CH2CHBCH2) 33.1 (1C, CH2CH2CHB) 32.8 (4C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ (CH3)2C) 24.8 (1C, -CHBCH2CH) 24.7 (1C, CH2CH2CHB) 11B NMR (96.23 MHz, None) ÃŽ ´ ppm 33.24 IR (film): ÃŽ ½ (cm–1) 2977, 2924 (sp3 C-H Stretch), 1511, 1446(sp2 C=C Stretch), 1244, 1176, 1141 (sp3C-O Stretch), 822, 730, 687 (sp2 C-H oop bending). 2.4. Synthesis and Characterization of (E)-1-(hexa-3,5-dien-1-yl)-4-methoxybenzene (7): To a solution of 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3Br (24.6mg, 0.084mmol, 1.2eq) in THF (1.9mL) at -78oC was added n-BuLi (1.6M in hexanes, 0.053mL, 0.084mmol, 1.2eq) dropwise. The mixture was stirred for 1 hr at -78oC before a solution of boronic ester (32mg, 0.070mmol, 1.0eq) in THF (1.5mL) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30min at -78oC and 30min at room temperature to form boron-ate complex which was further heated at 50oC for 1 hr and refluxed for 15hr. Reaction was quenched with water, EtOAc was added and layers were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc. Then layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (MgSO4), concentrated. The crude mixture was finally purified by column chromatography (SiO2, 2:1 Pet.Ether/EtOAc) to get desired product as colorless oil (19.87mg, 62.10%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ ppm 7.14-7.07 (2H, m, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArH) 6.85 6.80 (2H, m, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArH) 6.30 (1H, dt, J=17.00, 10.21 Hz, CH=CH-CH=CH2) 6.12-5.97 (1H, m, CH=CH-CH=CH2) 5.78-5.69 (1H, m, CH=CH-CH=CH2) 5.21-5.06 (1H, m, CH=CHH) 4.99-4.95 (1H, m, CH=CHH) 3.79 (3H, s, -CH3) 2.70-2.60 (2H, m, CH2CH2CH) 2.52-2.33 (2H, m, CH2CH2CH) 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ ppm 157.7 (1C, ArC-O) 137.0 (1C, CH=CH2) 133.7 (1C, CH=CH-CH=CH2) 132.0 (1C, ArC-CH2) 129.5 (1C, CH=CH-CH=CH2) 129.1 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArCH) 114.9 (1C, CH=CH2) 113.6 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArCH) 55.1 (1C, CH3) 34.6 (1C, CH2CH2CH) 34.5 (1C, CH2CH2CH) IR (film): ÃŽ ½ (cm–1) 2955, 2921, 2852 (sp3 C-H Stretch), 1737, 1461(sp2 C=C Stretch), 1277, 1184, 1137 (sp3C-O Stretch), 967, 805 (sp2 C-H oop bending). HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C13H17O [M+H]+ 189.1279, found 189.1287. 2.5. Equipments 1H and 13C spectral measurements were done by using Varian NMR (400 MHz) spectrometer (model DMX 400). For protons, the chemical shifts were measured relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) at d = 0 ppm. 3. Results and Discussion Starting material 2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (3) has been synthesized as colorless oil in excellent yields (77.6%) (table 1, entry 1) by using Lithiation-Borylation methodology; Carbamate (1) was reacted with pinacol (2) by using TMEDA (2a) at suitable conditions (fig.1). Spectral studies proved the structure as mentioned in literature11. By using application of olefin cross metathesis, boronic ester (3) was then reacted with (vinylsulfonyl)benzene (4) to give (E)-2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(phenylsulfonyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (5) as dark brown solid. Yield was again excellent (table 1, entry 2) for this reaction. Table 1: Physical states and yields Entry Substances Physical States Melting points Yield (%) 1 Colorless oil 77.60 2 Dark brown solid 82.0oC 77.25 3 Colorless oil 62.10 Boron-ate complex (6) which acted as nucleophile was synthesized by reacting (E)-2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(phenylsulfonyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (5) with aryllithium (5a). Boron-ate complex (6) showed best nucleophilic character by using 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3Br (5a) as aryllithium11 and it was then stirred at 50oC for 1hr and then refluxed for 15hrs and desired product (E)-1-(hexa-3,5-dien-1-yl)-4-methoxybenzene (7) was collected. 4. Conclusions: Novel (E)-1-(hexa-3,5-dien-1-yl)-4-methoxybenzene has been synthesized through a novel route and characterized by spectral techniques like IR, 1H, 13C and ms. Boron-ate complex was successfully converted into aromatic dienes. This novel synthetic route resulted in excellent yields. Acknowledgment: Authors gratefully acknowledge financial support to the work by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan and moreover authors acknowledge the Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore-Pakistan and Superior University Lahore-Pakistan for guidance, research and laboratory facilities. References: Grubbs, R. H.; Chang, S. Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 4413–4450 Astruc D. New J. Chem., 2005, 29, 42-56. R. Larouche-Gauthier, T.G. Elford and V.K. Aggarwal, J. Am. Chem.Soc., 2011,133, 16794. Habib Hussain, Syeda Rubina Gilani, Zulfiqar Ali and Imdad Hussain, Asian Journal of Chemistry; 2013, 25, 17, 9965-9969 Hoffmann, R. W. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2003, 32, 225. Herbert C. Brown, D. Basavaiah, and N. G. Bhat, D. Basavaiah, and N. G. Bhat, J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 4518-4521 E. Vedejs, S. C. Fields, S. Lin, and M. R. Schrimpf, J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 3028-3034. Ryschkewitsch, G. E.; Garrett, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 7234. Anna Bernardi, Angiolina Comotti, Cesare Gennari, Cheryl T. Hewkin, Jonathan M. Goodman, Achim Schlapbach and Ian Paterson, Tetrahedron 50, 4, 1227-1242, 1994. Bruce H. Lipshutz, Subir Ghorai, Zarko V. Boskovic, Tetrahedron, 64, 29, 2008, 6949-6954. Habib Hussain, Syeda Rubina Gilani, Zulfiqar Ali and Imdad Hussain, Asian Journal of Chemistry, In Press. [*]Corresponding Author: Habib Hussain

Witchcraft and the Inquisition of the Catholic Church Essay -- Essays

Witchcraft and the Inquisition of the Catholic Church Witchcraft. The word in itself evokes a certain kind of eeriness. In past centuries, people who were accused of being witches were thought of to be the worst kinds of people there are. There were several kinds of witches and several ways in which they operated. Whatever the reason, the Catholic Church saw witches, or those accused of being witches, as sinful. Partly to stop this kind of sin and other forms, the Inquisition of the Catholic Church was implemented. It is important to know what the factors leading up to the Inquisition included to fully understand its implementation. Once the history is reviewed it is easy to see how the Faith of the Church and the reason behind its thinking were hand-in-hand at the time, and also the way in which they seemingly conflict today. There are many factors leading up to the establishment of the Inquisition by the Catholic Church. One of the main factors is the beginning of the Middle Ages in Europe. A symbol of these emerging ages is Pope Gerbert of the year 1000. Although he was a Pope, he was learned in algebra, and because of his knowledge he was considered somewhat of a wizard. He once wrote to a friend in Italy asking for secular books written in Latin. He instructs the friend to make sure the books are "procured quietly." (Nickerson 12) . Nickerson feels that this makes Gerbert a symbol of his times because it is out of similar knowledge that the Medieval times arise. Around the same time, the Normans were conquering England, the Church begins to have a common purpose, and the First Crusade begins. Although the Church was secure in its universality, two groups, the Albigensians and Waldensians emerged, each with very di... ...ured endlessly. Finally, all people were allowed to believe what they wanted to believe. Faith and reason were in harmony. Bibliography Books James B. Given, Inquisition and Medieval Society; Power, Discipline, and Resistance in Languedoc. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997). Hoffman Nickerson, The Inquisition: A Political and Military Study of its Establishment. (Port Washington, NY.: Kennkiat Press, Inc., 1968). Mary Elizabeth Perry, and Anne J. Cruz, Cultural Encounters: The Impact of the Inquisition in Spain and the NewWorld. (Berkeley, CA.: University of California Press:, 1991). Albert C. Shannon, O.S.A., The Medieval Inquisition. (Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, 1991). Internet Sources Hilgers, Joseph. "Index of Prohibited Books." The Catholic Encyclopedia.URL:

Sleeping Late Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Life is so busy sometimes we don’t get enough sleep. Some days our bodies need more sleep than others. Some people like to sleep in after a busy week at work, or a long night of partying. Others feel that sleeping in can help them relieve some stress. Trying a few of these trips may help you to sleep in.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to sleep in longer, you should plan ahead for the weather. For example, when the weather is going to be hot and muggy, crank up the air conditioner. When your body gets too hot, you will wake up. Just keeping your body cool will help you feel more relaxed so you can get those few extra hours of rest. If the weather forecast calls for a steady rain crack open the windows so the rhythm of the soothing rain drops help you fall into a deeper more relaxed sleep.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another important part of sleeping in is a dark room. When too much light breaks into the room, you might have trouble falling or staying asleep. Light makes it easier to stay awake, thus making it harder for you to stop thinking. If you have curtains, close them almost all the way. Roll mini-blinds with the blades in the upward direction, because if they are rolled down when the sun comes up, too much light will come in. As the sleeper you want some light in the room, just a lot.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hunger will also prevent you from sleeping in. Near your bed keep a few handy items. I...

The Effect of Smartphones on Work-Life Balance

13 has also created employment as developers seek to capitalist on the market available for development of APS and other content for semaphore devices. As Postman (1995) discusses In a 1995 Interview that all new technology is like a†Faustian bargain in that it gives us something important but we also legitimating important in the process†. This would appear to be true of Thessalonians. The benefits of the semaphore have been discussed throughout this paper as have the negatives.They provide users with the ability to stay onto of work outside of the office and employers In theory benefit from Uncharacteristically, often at little expense to themselves as users are choosing toothbrush the phones themselves. The principle losses would be in terms of loss personal time and the erosion of boundaries between work and personal time_l feel that it is really a personal choice that all owners of this technology need tomato in relation to usage patterns of the devices for work rela ted activities. Some users are happy to be connected all the time and see no issue with it.However, others cite that it results in increased stress, while others articulateness who have been using the devices longer state that they have consciousnesses boundaries in relation to their semaphore use. Much of the academic literature in this area has focused on managerial levelness of smartness. I feel that studies should possibly be conducted Into teahouse patterns of non-executive level personnel also in order to help stratospherically HER

Chapter 22 Apush Key Terms

Marcus Pando Period 4 Chapter 22 Key Terms Describe and state the historical significance of the following: 7. Freedmen's Bureau Initiated by President Abraham Lincoln and was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War. At the end of the war, the Bureau's main role was providing emergency food, housing, and medical aid to refugees, though it also helped reunite families. Later, it focused its work on helping the freedmen adjust to their conditions of freedom.Its main job was setting up work opportunities and supervising labor contracts. 8. Exodusters Was a name given to African Americans who left the south[Kansas] in 1879 and 1880. After the end of Reconstruction, racial oppression and rumors of the reinstitution of slavery led many freedmen to seek a new place to live. 9. Wade-Davis Bill Was a bill proposed for the Reconstruction of the South written by two Radical Republicans, Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio and Representative Henry Winter Davis of Maryland.In contr ast to President Abraham Lincoln's more lenient Ten Percent Plan, the bill made re-admittance to the Union for former Confederate states contingent on a majority in each Southern state to take the Ironclad oath to the effect they had never in the past supported the Confederacy. 10. Percent Plan 11. moderate/radical Republicans Radical Republicans were a loose faction of American politicians within the Republican Party from about 1854 (before the American Civil War) until the end of Reconstruction in 1877.They called themselves â€Å"radicals† and were opposed during the war by moderates and conservative factions led by Abraham Lincoln and after the war by self-described â€Å"conservatives† (in the South) and â€Å"Liberals† (in the North). Radicals strongly opposed slavery during the war and after the war distrusted ex-Confederates, demanding harsh policies for the former rebels, and emphasizing civil rights and voting rights for Freedmen (recently freed slaves ). [1] 12. Black Codes Black Codes were laws in the United States after the Civil War with the effect of limiting the civil rights and civil liberties of blacks.Even though the U. S. constitution originally discriminated against blacks and both Northern and Southern states had passed discriminatory legislation from the early 19th century, the term Black Codes is used most often to refer to legislation passed by Southern states at the end of the Civil War to control the labor, migration and other activities of newly-freed slaves. 13. sharecropping Sharecropping is a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (e. g. , 50% of the crop).Sharecropping has a long history and there are a wide range of different situations and types of agreements that have encompassed the system. Some are governed by tradition, others by law. 14. Civil Rights Act A United States federal law that was mainly intended to pro tect the civil rights of African-Americans, in the wake of the American Civil War. The Act was enacted by Congress in 1865 but vetoed by President Andrew Johnson. In April 1866 Congress again passed the bill. Although Johnson again vetoed it, a two-thirds majority in each house overcame the veto and the bill became law. 5. Fourteenth Amendment Its Citizenship Clause provides a broad definition of citizenship that overruled the Supreme Court's ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) that had held that black people could not be citizens of the United States. [1] Its Due Process Clause prohibits state and local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without certain steps being taken to ensure fairness. This clause has been used to make most of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states, as well as to recognize substantive and procedural rights.Its Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people within its ju risdiction. This clause was the basis for Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court decision which precipitated the dismantling of racial segregation in United States education. In Reed v. Reed (1971), the Supreme Court ruled that laws arbitrarily requiring sex discrimination violated the Equal Protection Clause. The amendment also includes a number of clauses dealing with the Confederacy and its officials. 17. Reconstruction ActAfter the end of the American Civil War, as part of the on-going process of Reconstruction, the United States Congress passed four statutes known as Reconstruction Acts. The actual title of the initial legislation was â€Å"An act to provide for the more efficient government of the Rebel States† and it was passed on March 2, 1867. Fulfillment of the requirements of the Acts were necessary for the former Confederate States to be readmitted to the Union. The Acts excluded Tennessee, which had already ratified the 14th Amendment and had been readmitted to the Union. 8. Fifteenth Amendment Prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's â€Å"race, color, or previous condition of servitude† (for example, slavery). It was ratified on February 3, 1870. The Fifteenth Amendment is one of the Reconstruction Amendments. 19. Ex parte Milligan Was a United States Supreme Court case that ruled that the application of military tribunals to citizens when civilian courts are still operating is unconstitutional.It was also controversial because it was one of the first cases after the end of the American Civil War. 22. scalawags Were southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party after the Civil War. Like similar terms such as â€Å"carpetbagger† the word has a long history of use as a slur against southerners considered by other conservative or pro-federation Southerners to betray southern values by supporting policies considered Nort hern such as desegregation and racial integration. 1] The term is commonly used in historical studies as a neutral descriptor of Southern White Republicans, though some historians have discarded the term due to its history of pejorative connotations. [2] 23. carpetbaggers Was a pejorative term Southerners gave to Northerners (also referred to as Yankees) who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era, between 1865 and 1877.24. Ku Klux Klan advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy, white nationalism, and anti-immigration, historically expressed through terrorism. 10] Since the mid-20th century, the KKK has also been anti-communist. [10] The current manifestation is splintered into several chapters with no connections between each other; it is classified as a hate group by the Anti-Defamation League and the Southern Poverty Law Center. [11] It is estimated to have between 3,000 and 5,000 members as of 2012. [12] The first Klan flourished in the Southern U nited States in the late 1860s, then died out by the early 1870s. Members adopted white costumes: robes, masks, and conical hats, designed to be outlandish and terrifying, and to hide their identities. 13]The second KKK flourished nationwide in the early and mid 1920s, and adopted the same costumes and code words as the first Klan, while introducing cross burnings. [14] The third KKK emerged after World War II and was associated with opposing the Civil Rights Movement and progress among minorities. The second and third incarnations of the Ku Klux Klan made frequent reference to the USA's â€Å"Anglo-Saxon† and â€Å"Celtic† blood, harking back to 19th-century nativism and claiming descent from the original 18th-century British colonial revolutionaries. 15] The first and third incarnations of the Klan have well-established records of engaging in terrorism and political violence, though historians debate whether or not the tactic was supported by the second KKK. 25. Forc e Acts Can refer to several groups of acts passed by the United States Congress. The term usually refers to the events after the American Civil War. 26. Tenure of Office Act Was a federal law (in force from 1867 to 1887) that was intended to restrict the power of the President of the United States to remove certain office-holders without the approval of the Senate.The law was enacted on March 3, 1867, over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. It purported to deny the president the power to remove any executive officer who had been appointed by a past president, without the advice and consent of the Senate, unless the Senate approved the removal during the next full session of Congress. 27. Impeachment of President Johnson The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States, was one of the most dramatic events in the political life of the United States during Reconstruction, and the first impeachment in history of a sitting United States president.Johnson was impe ached for his efforts to undermine Congressional policy; he was acquitted by one vote. The Impeachment was the consummation of a lengthy political battle, between the moderate Johnson and the â€Å"Radical Republican† movement that dominated Congress and sought control of Reconstruction policies. Johnson was impeached on February 24, 1868 in the U. S. House of Representatives on eleven articles of impeachment detailing his â€Å"high crimes and misdemeanors†,[1] in accordance with Article Two of the United States Constitution.The House's primary charge against Johnson was with violation of the Tenure of Office Act, passed by Congress the previous year. Specifically, he had removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War (whom the Tenure of Office Act was largely designed to protect), from office and replaced him with Major General Lorenzo Thomas. The House agreed to the articles of impeachment on March 2, 1868. The trial began three days later in the Senate, with Suprem e Court Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase presiding.Trial concluded on May 26 with Johnson's acquittal, the votes for conviction being one less than the required two-thirds tally. The impeachment and subsequent trial gained a historical reputation as an act of political expedience, rather than necessity, based on Johnson's defiance of an unconstitutional piece of legislation and with little regard for the will of the public (which, despite the unpopularity of Johnson, opposed the impeachment). Until the impeachment of Bill Clinton 131 years later, it was the only presidential impeachment in the history of the United States.

Company Review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Company Review - Research Paper Example A brief analysis of the history of Apple Inc would suggest that the firm has gone through significant challenges due to the competitive nature of the industry. Since Apple produced hardware which can run its own operating system therefore it restricted its marketability. It was mostly because of this reason that Microsoft was successful in gaining almost whole market share when it rolled out its own operating system which can run on any hardware platform. However, Apple made a turn around and expanded itself into different other markets thus gaining widespread success. Its real success came with the introduction of Apple Ipod- an MP3 music player which can play songs and videos besides being handy in storing and viewing pictures. Apple Iphone – the smartphone from Apple is one of the leading smartphones in the world and is even overtaking Nokia- a long time market leader in mobile phones besides giving tough challenge to other firms. It has also recently launched tablet comput er with the name of Apple IPAD which has also proved one of the most innovative and successful products in the industry. This paper will discuss the history of Apple, its products, mission and vision statements besides discussing some of the trends in the industry. History of Apple Apple Inc is one of the leading multinational organizations in the world engaged in the business of consumer electronics, personal computers as well as software. Established in 1976, Apple was started by three individuals however, later on it was managed by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. Apple Inc was incorporated as Apple Computers and rolled out its first model of computers during 1976. The earliest device manufactured by Apple Computers therefore was a handmade motherboard with a built-in CPU and other accessories considered as basic requirements to perform functions as a computer. (Linzmayer, 1999) The early phase of the firm i.e. its first few decades were dominated by the manufacturing of the compute rs and Apple did not involved itself into the manufacturing of other consumer electronics items. With the change in the personal computer industry and the introduction of DOS and Windows operating systems by Microsoft, Apple started to lose its charm and lost market to Microsoft in operating systems business. Since Microsoft’s operating system could be run on any personal computer therefore it was easy for the firms like IBM to manufacture PCs which could be run through Windows operating system. A closer look at the history of Apple would suggest that it has rolled out different models of its earlier version of Apple 1 and continued to produce new models. During 1977, Apple Computers was able to roll out its second version i.e. Apple 2 overcoming many of the previous technical weaknesses of the first model. During 1980s, due to increasing competition mainly from IBM, Apple rolled out third model of its computer and improving on the previous models by further improving differe nt technical aspects of its earlier computer models. (Coventry, 2006) Apple’s real success came with the introduction of its Apple Mac model during 1984 with extensive marketing efforts by Apple to make it a commercial success. It is also important to note that it was during 1980s that Steve Jobs was forced to leave the company due to its internal power struggle. However, Jobs rejoined the firm as CEO during 1997 and thus Apple’s real stride towards success begun. (MARKOFF, 1997)