Official Crime Statistics Essay

What are the main strengths and weaknesses of official crime statistics and victimization surveys? In this essay I will be discussing the main strengths and weaknesses of official crime statistics and victimization surveys. I have done tremendous research to back up my work, I have also used famous criminologists and other bodies who understand criminalization to help re-enforce my points. Most experts and successful authors, such as Tim Newburn, Brent E. Turvey and Clive Coleman have attempted, through their literature to show how crime has evolved and how surveys have influenced the public’s views about it. The first ever national crime statistics were published in France, 1827. Adolphe Quetelet, a scholar and previous astronomer was the first individual to take a serious approach and interest in criminal statistics. He then went on to become a leading body in criminology and social sciences for his work. Official crime statistics are placed under the ideology of crime rates in the UK and Wales. Numbers that the BCS, police and other law aboding bodies can gather together from the public, their research and other sources to help give the most accurate rate of crime they can. Victimisation surveys are generally random samples of the population asked whether they have been a victim to crime within a specific period of time. The reasons why these two different types of surveys must be taken are so that crime statistics can attempt to be more solid, although the argument is always made that there will never be an accurate percentage of crime and I will also be touching on why this statement has and always will be made. Crime statistics and Victimisation surveys are polls taken and received by victims of crime or the criminals and individuals who commit them. There has been much controversy amongst crime statistics of how accurate and precise they really are. I will be discussing these issues, but overall focusing my main points onto the strengths and weaknesses of official crimes statistics and victimisation surveys. Without crime statistics there would be no base grounds on the numbers of crimes averagely committed, by what sex and by what age group. Howeve r, without victimization surveys crimes may stay ‘hidden’ crimes such as domestic violence, burglary and intimidation. Why I mention these three in particular are because statistics show that most common repeat victims of crime are within these types of offences. Other offences also include other household theft and vandalism. One example of a top victimization survey is the British Crime Survey. The British Crime Survey or BCS for short is a nationally represented survey with a successful sample of approximately 47,000 adults living in private households in England and wales every year. The BCS started its survey’s in 1981 and it became a fluent survey database until 2001/2002. This survey is a face to face interview where the respondents or victims are asked about their experiences and feelings of crime that may have happened to them or people they know in the last 12 months, the BCS also ask them about their opinions of crime and crime related topics such as anti-social behaviour. These types of people would also be asked about the effectiveness of the police and how they deal with these is sues of crime. The British crime survey is a very important key piece of information and source of data on the background of respondents and the overall circumstances of victimization. A public, accurate crime statistic is most commonly the police, a more community based, less national and less accurate version as it’s range of scope does not cover the nation; however both sources limit themselves to a set of offences. Making it easier to gain a more accurate percentage. One main difference between the BCS and the police is that the BCS excludes victimless crimes, drug dealing and murder. The reason for this is the victims are no longer available to discuss the events that happened. Other crimes they exclude are sexual offences; this is generally due to the small number reported and the unwillingness of respondents to come forward. Another main difference between the two is that BCS thefts including personal property and other household items, because with the police they would involve everything included in the theft, jewellery, personal belongings, with the BCS it would all fall into a similar category making it a difficult task to achieve. A weakness of official crime statistics and victimisation surveys is that an argument could be bought up are they actually official? Just because they’re published doesn’t make them correct. What about the crimes that aren’t reported, Because of victims being afraid, intimidated or not having trust in the police. These events being called ‘Hidden Crimes’ or as they are often referred to ‘Dark Figures’. In addition to this, modern day statistics are now more enclosed, for example in Tim Newburn’s ‘Criminology’ he discusses how crimes such as violence against the person accounts to events such as murder, assa ult, however not reckless driving which could be considered to focus fully on physical damage. So as statistics are not as open to as many crimes as they wish, some will slip through and possibly go into a much minor category. Obviously a disadvantage being that individual may feel neglected and reluctant to detail the events. Due to the declining of main volume crimes in the recent years, beliefs about crime are still quite high. A third of the population from 2003 still believed that crime was a high rated problem. Advantages of Statistics such as these are that they tend to give the public a clear understanding of what crime rates are at. This table shows beliefs about crime, public fear that possibly the tabloids could have caused. This is discussed a weakness to crime statistics and the public, in a way the media are creating crimes, feeding on crime fear. As I mentioned earlier Crime statistics are never fully accurate and power is always an important factor when determining crime. Smaller crimes such as robbery are associated with the ‘Underclass’ Theory by Charles Murray. These types of offences are more down to the individual rather than a group. Dr Ziggy MacDonald of the University of Leicester wrote a piece in the Economic Journal about ‘Hidden Crimes’, one of the things his research showed was that ‘forecasts of crime trends fail to take proper account of what drives unreported crime. For example, someone who is currently unemployed is 7% less likely to report a burglary than someone who is currently in work, while someone on a relatively high income is 8% more likely to report a burglary than someone on less than average income’ He discussed how the decrease in employment could eventually lead to the higher rate of theft from people’s properties, and resulting in victims not reporti ng it, maybe thinking it won’t matter as their income isn’t high enough to replace the item anyway. Even though the difference between low income individuals and high income individuals is 1% which from my research closely is around 16% burglaries every year as a crime rate, 1% of those victims with a low income are subjected towards not reporting theft of their possessions. Certain individual’s economic status (as shown in from MacDonald’s work) can become a huge factor when determining ‘Hidden Crimes’. People could feel helpless as income is low, or they may live in a deprived area, with no way of being helped their behaviour could become ‘broken’ referring to the ‘broken glass theory’ a single building could have a shattered window for a period of time and the community around that area may feel unwanted, leaving a physical and emotional gap between this community and the open world. Because of this, other buildings may become trashed and broken, people would begin to avoid the area it ‘self, the idea of fear within these ‘Hidden Crimes’. This adds to the statistics the BCS and the police may not know about, smaller areas may not be expected to have high rates of crime and therefore focus is taken away from them. Bigger areas such as Birmingham would be a prime target for crime, the assumption is made. Another theory could that there could possibly be Marxist Criminology, Crime due to class divisions within a society or community, or pe rhaps crimes of the powerful, individuals or groups of people being treated differently in society, expelled from other physical and emotional contact, leaving them no choice but to turn to crime. Transference, to be precise. In August, 2011 the riots in the United Kingdom gave breach to a huge collaboration of crime sprees. Over 1000 people were arrested, yet possibly over 100,000 protested against this Marxist Criminology from politics, student fees and tax increases. Not every individual was caught, making statistics even scarcer. These significant changes within society set alight events that triggered this. This idea of Neo Marxism relating to ‘Dark Figures’ as not every individual in society has the same equal access as other fortunate people, be it financially, emotionally and they lash out because of it. Yet these ‘crimes’ aren’t recorded, they go unnoticed and became a damaging part of a society. In relation to this is the Left Realism theory, a social democratic approach to the analysis of crime and the development of effective policies of crime control. At the heart of all of this is a source of suffering for the poor and the vulnera ble, this links from the ideology of smaller much petty crimes. Bullying for example which as many of 44% of suicides by children from the ages of 10-14 are potentially linked. Data sources of the years have developed and grown onto this topic from the 1900’s as society and trends begin to evolve. Children picked on because of their backgrounds or income, yet data sources still have a less accurate number to this topic than any other. Official crime statistics do not generally show crimes committed by corporations, if any results are shown, they aren’t ever big corporations. An example of corporations is Citibank, high profile data breaches, and even the business Sony. These ‘White Collar Crimes’ are not easily detected, distinguishing them from victimization surveys. They could be breaches of health and safety laws, not identifiable to the easiest detail. Linking to this could be an idea of a corporations being known as ‘Mavericks’ people who are the exceptions rather than the rules, so society and governing bodies refuse to believe that they would commit corporate crimes, allowing them to get off easy. Or even reduc ing the expected costs. One of the biggest corporate crimes was an incident that occurred in 1984 Bhopal. Hundreds of people were killed in a chemical accident, by a company called Union Carbide. They owned a pesticide plant which was around 3 miles from Bhopal. The leading director of that company told the BBC that ‘methyl isocyanate gas (MIC) had escaped when a valve in the plant’s underground storage tank broke under pressure’ As laws are different from the USA and India, payments have still not been made to the families, who deserve compensation, an American firm that is above the law and have been forced into no legal action whatsoever. Could this have future affects to India, How people live, fear foreign businesses, Should they have to live in fear. In conclusion to my research and the theories I have mentioned. I believe that crime statistics can define the crime rate in the UK every year, both types of surveys have their weaknesses and strengths, society as a whole helps mould the body of crime, they can also be the reliable source to provide it, and stop it. My results and research from numerous sources have given an indication on the levels of crime in the UK. Bibliography http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/science-research-statistics/research-statistics/crime-research/hosb1011/ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/627523/victim-survey http://www.statistics.gov.uk/hub/crime-justice/crime/victims-of-crime/index.html http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110218135832/http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/crimeew0809.html http://www.res.org.uk/society/mediabriefings/pdfs/2002/february/macdonald1.pdf http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/3/newsid_2698000/2698709.stm http://www.civitas.org.uk/crime/factsheet-YouthOffending.pdf

How Influential K-Pop is to Filipino Teenagers Essay

Acknowledgement This research would not have been finished without the help of the following  people: To the Researcher’s parents, Mr. Benjamin Tadeja and Mrs. Loreta Delos Santos, thank you for being a constant support. To the Researchers professor, Mrs. Bethany Marie Lumabi For giving advices and constantly correcting our errors in order to make this research a success. Most especially to Our Lord above, thank you for all the blessings you’ve passed our way. Chapter 1: Introduction â€Å"Music does bring people together. It allows us to experience the same emotions. People everywhere are the same in heart and spirit. No matter what language we speak, what color we are, the form of our politics or the expression of our love and our faith, music proves: We are the same.† -John Denver Music is a big part of everybody’s lives. It’s basically one of the things we do or listen to when we feel certain emotions such as happiness, sadness or even anger. Every country has their own music, its part of their culture whether it is used on religion or just plain entertainment. But for now, we will focus on a certain type of music that became one of the most influential music of today, Korean Music or simply K-Pop. In Rolling Stone Magazine, a magazine that focuses on music, popular culture and politics defined K-Pop as a mixture of trendy Western music and high-energy Japanese pop (J-Pop), which preys on listeners’ heads with repeated hooks, somet imes in English. It embraces genre fusion with both singing and rap, and emphasizes performance and strong visuals. (Rolling Stone) In Wikipedia, K-Pop Music was defined as a musical genre originating in South Korea that is characterized by a wide variety of audiovisual elements. Today, Korean Music became one of the most listened songs of teenagers around the world whether the language of a country or the language that is being sung in all K-Pop video is different, it doesn’t matter. But where did it all start? The history of Korean pop music is not very old. It can be traced back to 1885 when an American missionary, Henry Appenzeller started teaching American and British folk songs at a school. These songs were called changga in Korean, and they were typically based on a popular Western melody sung with Korean lyrics. The well-known song â€Å"Oh My Darling, Clementine† was for example known as â€Å"Simcheongga† (Wikepedia) In 1992, modern K-pop was ushered in with  the formation of Seo Taiji & Boys, whose successful experimentation with different music styles had sparked a paradigm shif t in the music industry of South Korea.. First gaining popularity in East Asia in the late 1990s, K-pop entered the Japanese music market towards the turn of the 21st century. In the late 2000s, it grew from a musical genre into a subculture among teenagers and young adults of East and Southeast Asia. Currently, the spread of K-pop to other regions of the world, via the Korean wave or Hallyu,, is seen in parts of Latin America, Northeast India, North Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe and immigrant enclaves of the Western world. (Wikipilipinas.org) K-Pop was born in the Philippines indirectly through the Koreanovelas in 2003. The first Koreannovela was â€Å"Autumn in My Heart† (the first in Endless Love series) aired in GMA 7 to compete with ABS-CBN’s highest rating Chinese-novela, Meteor Garden. Through Endless Love starts the love of Filipinos to Korean Music, like one of endless love’s OST Winter Sonata, performed and remake by Faith Cuneta. During the same year, one of the first Korean music videos in the Philippines was aired on Myx, a local music channel. This is the music video of the Korean female group known as Kiss for their ballad, â€Å"Because I’m A Girl†. Not long after, the music video of Korean singer Mina for her first albu m’s carrier single, â€Å"Answer the Phone† also entered the local music scene. Eventually, in 2004, both of these songs were remade by Roxanne Barcelo in her debut album.’ Because I’m A Girl was made Filipino as Kung Alam Mo Lang, whereas Mina’s Answer the Phone was translated into English retaining its original title. Going back to the television, following the success of Endless Love came in Full House in 2005. Full House also starred the same actress from the first season of Endless Love, Song HyeKyo, who was paired with Korean singer-actor Rain. Rain’s debut in the local television paved way for K-Pop to be more known in the Philippines. Not long after the airing of the said series, his music videos such as I’m Coming and the more recent Love Story started to enter the charts of Myx and local FM stations. Because of the rise of Rain as a singer here in the Philippines, among other reasons, more Filipinos became interested in K-Pop; more Korean singers became known and loved like Girl’s Generation, BoA, and Super Junior. The Philippines is one of the countries which are greatly influenced by Korean Wave or Hallyu ( Alanzalon, 2011). The first Philippine K-pop convention was held in PICC last 2009 which was  attended by more than two thousand K-pop fans. By tapping into social networking services and the video sharing platform YouTube, the K-pop industry’s ability to secure a sizable overseas audience has facilitated a noticeable rise in the global proliferation of the genre. Since the mid-2000s, the K-pop music market has experienced double digit growth rates. In the first half of 2012, it grossed nearly US$3.4 billion and was recognized by Time magazine as â€Å"South Korea’s Greatest Export†. But in the midst of all the good things that K-Pop gained in the past years, there would always be a development of bad things, and as K-pop grew in popularity around the world, critics shows and find the bad things that Korean music brought to others whether it’s in people or in their culture. Throughout the years, the Korean pop culture has grown into popularity for many teenagers and adult s alike. In fact in many regions of Asia, notably China, and Japan and almost the entire region of South-East Asia, the popularity of K-Pop has become so extensive that authorities and nationalist fear that it is leading to a xenocentric preference for Korean styles and ideas. And today, we witness the gargantuan amount of K-Pop merchandise adorning the shelves of shops and hundreds of thousands of Filipino teenagers and other adolescent individuals spending a substantial amount of their money on buying such merchandise, purchasing their favorite stars/singers album and not to mention concert tickets, the cheapest are which are usually enough money to buy a high technology high phone or even more essential stuff that can be of used for example a K-Pop group called B1A4 sells their general admission tickets for 9450 pesos (SM Tickets). Why are these teenagers so willing to spend their so earned money or if they’re not working their parent’s hard earned money just for these K-Pop figures? What are the positive and negative impacts of being so captured by this phenomenon? Another problem arises like, how Korean music basically stole the interest of people on their own music; they forget patriotism, Music authorities here in the Philippines are getting worried for the increasing popularity of K-Pop, not only that the sales of Pinoy (P-pop) songs are decreasing, as years past, people started listening more to foreign songs and they don’t enjoy Filipino music anymore. People who like Korean music get addicted so much that they changed their lifestyle to be more incorporated to their k-pop idol. As a psychologist, I was curious as to why this problem arises? Is there an  effect to teenagers if they listen to such kind of music? This research aims to give information on the experiences of K-pop fans , to whom and where do they express their fandom, how do they express their fandom and what influenced their fandom. Statement of the Problem This study intends to determine the Influence of Korean music (K-Pop) to Flipino Teenagers. Specifically, this research intends to answer the following questions: Why do Filipino Teenagers like K-Pop? Why does Filipino Teenagers get addicted to K-Pop? How does Korean Music (K-Pop) influence Filipino Teenagers? How can Music Authorities influence Filipino Teenagers to patronize OPM? Objectives of the Study This Research intends to accomplish the following: To identify why Filipino Teenagers like K-Pop. To know why Filipino Teenagers get addicted to K-Pop To suggest some things that can be of used to promote Patriotism Scope and Limitation This research focused on how influential Korean music is to Filipino Teenagers. Also this study focuses only on K-Pop music and the respondents are Filipino Teenagers whose ages are 13 years old up to 19 years old only. This research uses only an informal survey. The maximum respondents are ten persons only and studies around Metro Manila. The respondents have the right not to say their name but the age must be specifically announced and also the suggestion on how they wanted to promote patriotism are purely opinionated. Definition of Terms Addiction: the fact or condition of being addicted to a particular substance, thing, or activity. Changga- translated forms of American and British Folk songs in Korean lyrics Fandom- (consisting of fan [fanatic] plus the suffix -dom, as in kingdom) is a term used to refer to a subculture composed of fans characterized by a feeling of empathy and camaraderie with others who share a common interest. K-Pop- a musical genre originating in South Korea that is characterized by a wide variety of audiovisual elements. †¦ Koreanovela- k-drama for short, refers to televised dramas, in a miniseries format, produced in South Korea. Korean Wave- or Hallyu refers to the sudden increase in popularity of South Korean culture around the world Teenagers- a person aged from 13 to 19 years. Patriotism- cultural attachment to one’s homeland or devotion to one’s country, Xenocentric- refers to the preference for the products, styles, or ideas of someone else’s culture rather than of one’s own.

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Stem Cell Research Legislaion Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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The cylindrospermopsin alkaloids Literature review

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Accounting Course - One.Tel Telecommunication Company Essay

Accounting Course - One.Tel Telecommunication Company - Essay Example Finally, by March 2001, One Tel was declared insolvent, after continuous efforts by News Limited and PBL to inject additional cash turned out to be insufficient. In this report, the reasons for the collapse are analyzed, how it could have been prevented and its effect. This paper analyses how the company was mismanaged, its internal control weaknesses, and financial reporting issues. Jodee Rich and Brad Keeling established One Tel. Company (telco), on the 1st of May 1995. James Packer and Lachlan Murdoch were the initial backers, providing an investment worth $995 Million (Cook, 2001). The company’s business was to provide communication services and networks in Australia and major countries of Asia and Europe. The company launched its GSM services network in 1995 and within few years it became the fourth largest telecommunications company of Australia. Its success was mainly fuelled by its marketing and ability to attract young mobile users. It achieved an early success in Australia and very soon its operations went across international boundaries. The marketing strategy was to focus on the younger generation, using the slogan â€Å"You’ll tell your friend about One Tel†. In its early years, One Tel enjoyed a lot of success due to its growing customer base and its profits grew from $3.7 million in 1997 to $6.9 million in 1999. In November 19 99, One Tel. had a market capitalisation of $3.8 billion that made it rank as the 30th largest Australian company (Barry, 2002). Unfortunately, due to gross mismanagement the company’s collapse was inevitable. In 2000, the company’s financial position reported a loss $291.1 million. The shareholders tried to keep the company afloat, but it was not to be and by 28th May 2001 the company was de-listed. The downfall of One Tel can be largely attributed to its shareholders and

Final Project Milestone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Final Project Milestone - Essay Example This book also deals with radicalism revolving round and throbbing on a platform of religion. The book â€Å"Milestone† also focuses on issue concerned with politics yet religion cannot be completely separated from the topical discussion within the context of the book. The issues of politics and religion operating hand in hand is a very commonplace idea but the representation of this serious issue in an unique style because the execution in 1964 for the cause of a movement and establishing a moral, social order and attainment of justice, Qutb gave his life. A document written just few years before his death bears some strong arguments which are innovative and novice at any level and therefore, the book indeed is a milestone in the cannon of political books. Like the name of the book, it bears quite a few epoch making doctrines pertaining to Islamic radicalism and its effect and implementation in the western countries, which made it very much true to its name. Whether with the translated name of â€Å"Milestone† or often known with the name of Signposts, the book is unique in its style, content and representation. The book is a burning document on the issues like racial equality and

Has racism ceased to be a major problem in the world Essay

Has racism ceased to be a major problem in the world - Essay Example What is even more worrying is that it is not restricted to the apartheid promoting continents and nations alone. It has made its ubiquitous way into the very fabric of almost all continents. Racism is a complex phenomenon and cannot be wished away. Discrimination on the basis of colour, race or religion entails the subjugation or oppression of a section of people within a community. To be able to eliminate this social malady one needs to understand the reasons that give rise to discriminatory behaviour of which racism is a major manifestation. Discriminatory behaviour can arise out of feelings of insecurity, fear, hatred and an acute desire to dominate. People who support intolerance towards others usually operate in gangs or groups and target those who are weaker than them. Imperialism and the rise of colonialism from the 15th century onwards have given credence to racial superiority and discriminatory practises based on this perceived superiority. This led to the complete alienatio n of the people who have been colonized. The prevalence of racism was experienced in Africa, Asia and America at first, and then spread through colonialism to the rest of the world. Racism is manifested through behaviours that encourage separatism, hatred amongst groups and racial or religious intolerance. Racists are unable to accept and/ or tolerate the exclusiveness and distinctiveness of ethnic or cultural groups other than theirs.

Alternative fuel for the USA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Alternative fuel for the USA - Research Paper Example Alternative Fuel for the USA. The requirement for transportation fuels within US is rising. The amount of light-duty automobiles is expected to grow from 28.7 million on-road vehicles during 2010 to 38.7 million by the year 2025.The requirement for transportation fuels within US is rising. The amount of light-duty automobiles is expected to grow from 28.7 million on-road vehicles during 2010 to 38.7 million by the year 2025. Unless people transform their habits, petroleum will remain the key source of the transportation fuels for the predictable future, and as demand, carries on to increase and in-state as well as Alaskan fuel supplies lessen, US will depend more and more on overseas imports of crude oil (Riley & Chee, p. 192). Almost 100 percent of the country’s transportation system is presently fueled by fossil fuels. Going toward a further varied choice of fuels and sustaining the development of higher competence vehicles are two of the objectives of the state's plans. Bei ng the fifth largest financial system in the world, California is a state that moves on energy. Each day, people spend â€Å"$ 24 million for natural gas, $ 84 million on electrical energy, and $ 84 million for petrol and diesel† (Hordeski, p. 183). The State has sustained the growth of alternative transportation fuels (apart from petrol or diesel) since the establishment of the ‘California Energy Commission’ during 1975. ... ption of non-petroleum fuels to 30 percent of on-road fuel utilization by 2025 and 40 percent by 2030, supported by known policies that are feasible as well as cost effective (Stan, p. 299). US is already home to a increasing amount of alternative fuel vehicles as a result of the combined attempts of the ‘Energy Commission’, ‘California Air Resources Board’, local air regions, national government, transportation agencies, utilities, in addition to other civic as well as personal entities. Over 59000 automobiles, transit buses, and trucks presently function on natural gas and LPG, together with over 11000 electric vehicles. US as well have hundreds of fueling stations providing a range of non-petroleum fuels (Bartis et al, p. 55). However, increasing the consumption of these fuels faces considerable doubts such as the accessibility of latest vehicle expertise, the rate and accessibility of new fueling infrastructures, and approval of these fuels by customers. At present, the ‘Energy Commission’ is functioning with stakeholders of different alternative fuels. These stakeholder’s operational groups have contributed in informal studies to recognize the major barriers that exist to creating a more vigorous alternative fuels marketplace within US and to give advice to overcome or alleviate those barriers (Halderman & Martin, p. 33). The accomplishment of modern attempts to introduce electric vehicles into the marketplace will mostly be determined by the capacity of vehicle producers to persuade customers that these vehicles characterize a practical and competitive substitute to the conventional vehicle. Electric vehicles and power trains offer an immense prospect to reengage clientele with automobiles as manufactured goods. Electric vehicles provide enhanced

Pride and Prejudice Essay Example for Free

Pride and Prejudice Essay The concept of love is developed and endured throughout an healthy relationship in Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice. She successfully incorporates different examples of marriage in nineteenth century and distinguishes the perfect marriage from the hopeless marriage. The definition of authentic love is caring for someone unconditionally. It means putting someone before yourself and not asking for anything in return. There are a variety of different examples of marriage in the novel, but Elizabeth, Jane, and Lydia’s marriages are the best examples of a perfect marriage, easily-influenced marriage ,and a hopeless marriage. It is emphasized that Elizabeth and Darcy will have the happiest marriage within the novel because of their commited relationship with each other. The perfect marriage between a man and a woman in the nineteenth century would probably be centered around Elizabeth and Darcy’s marriage. Elizabeth’s character was always honest to herself and especially to others. Her defiant attitude made her stand out from the rest of the women according to Darcy. Although Elizabeth did not love Darcy at first, her loved developed through the ups and downs of their relationship. Once Darcy figured out that he could not win the heart of Elizabeth by lying and being prideful, he started to change for the better good of their relationship. Elizabeth fell head over heels for Darcy and accepted his proposal, â€Å"The happiness which this reply produced, was such as he had probably never felt before; and he expressed himself on the occasion as sensibly and as warmly as a man violently in love can be supposed to do† (Austen 200). Once she realized that he had a change of heart and his affectionate love for her was unconditional, Elizabeth knew that her marriage with Darcy would be one to last for a life time in complete and utter happiness. Love at first sight is not authentic in some cases. It takes time to love one another to recognize each others flaws and weaknesses. The ability to overcome our flaws and problems with our significant other helps us to develop authentic love with our partner. Jane and Bingley’s relationship was not produced over time, yet they knew that they were soul mates after two dances at the ball. The reason why Bingley came into town was to find a wife; â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife† (Austen 1). Their marriage and relationship will probably be amusing and entertaining in the beginning, but their marriage will sooner or later fall apart. Since they barely knew each others faults and weaknesses before they entered into marriage, their relationship might crumble because of the lack of stability each other has in their relationship. Jane and Bingley’s character are both described as innocent people in society. For example, Elizabeth describes Jane’s character as, â€Å"Affectation of candour is common enough— one meets with it everywhere. But to be candid without ostentation or design— to take the good of everybodys character and make it still better, and say nothing of the bad— belongs to you alone† (Austen 29). Rather than making their own decisions, they usually obey the commands of others and depend on other people’s judgments. The main reason why many people elope rather than marry into a relationship is due to the fact that they want to make their relationship official as soon as possible. A rushed marriage will only cause more problems because it is partially due to get it over with, or to hide their relationship from the people that they love. Lydia and Wickham’s marriage was an elopement rather than a real marriage. Both characters acted upon their foolishness instead of their heart and mind. Lydia’s character was described as, â€Å"Her character will be fixed, and she will, at sixteen, be the most determined flirt that ever made herself and her family ridiculous. A flirt, too, in the worst and meanest degree of flirtation; without any attraction beyond youth and a tolerable person; and from the ignorance and emptiness of her mind, wholly unable to ward off any portion of that universal contempt which her rage for admiration will excite. In this danger Kitty is also comprehended. She will follow wherever Lydia leads. Vain, ignorant, idle, and absolutely uncontrolled! (Austen 156). Infatuation also played a huge part within Lydia’s relationship towards Wickham. He knew that he could easily sweep Lydia off her feet because she was the youngest and most immature one in the Bennet family. Wickham was self-indulgent in his plan to fancy Lydia. All Wickham ever wanted was money and pleasure, he did no care for Lydia as much due to his self-contempt. Since Wickham was in finnancial trouble with creditors, he made the foolish mistake of eloping with Lydia to get out of town. His decision proved that he did not care about Lydia’s reputation, but only himself’s. Although love may develop in a variety of ways, there should still be the distinction between infatuation and authentic love. Infatuation does not last as long as authentic love does, rather it sets a person up for heart breaks and instability. The elopement of Lydia and Wickham are the perfect example of infatuation because Lydia only loved Wickham for his devious ways of fancing her and Wickham only loved Lydia for her money and her being as an excuse to get out of town. Jane and Bingley’s marriage defined love, but not authentic love. They knew each other’s strengths and priorities, but they did not know each other’s flaws and weaknesses. Both Jane and Lydia’s marriage are the ones to be slightly less felicitous compared to Elizabeth’s marriage because they did not with hold the unconditional love that Darcy and Elizabeth had for each other. In order to have a healthy long-living marriage, both persons within the relationship need to know each other’s strengths and weaknesses, and are willing to help one overcome their flaws. The love they should have for each other should be based upon the love that Darcy has for Elizabeth. He put Elizabeth before himself and his problems in order to prove his devotion towards her. Austen made Elizabeth and Darcy’s relationship the ideal marriage in order to show society how a man and woman should love each other.

Importance Of Both Financial And Non Financial Motivation Commerce Essay

Importance Of Both Financial And Non Financial Motivation Commerce Essay It is widely believed that an effective management system of motivation in a company will directly influence employees to achieve their goals and businesses objectives (Accel-team, 2010). According to Accel-team (2010), motivation can be explained in financial and non-financial aspects. Financial rewards can be defined as using money as an incentive to employees for improving productivity. In contrast, non-financial rewards motivate employees by job enlargement, team working, and quality control circles etc. The below argument will show that financial and non-financial motivations are both determinants which affect employees through investigation. Taloy year pointed out that the best way to motivate people at work is by money. In other words, those workers who produce more in a fair day can receive more payment (Accel-team, 2010). The main reason for workers to go to work is that they can earn money to consume (Accel-team, 2010). Thus, workers are encouraged to work as efficient as possible they can (Accel-team, 2010). For example, Tesco is one of the top three retails in UK (Thetimes100, 2011). There are over 3700 stores and 440000 employees globally, which is very difficult to organize well (Thetimes100, 2011). However, Tesco makes good use of incentive payment to motivate employees (Thetimes100, 2011). Tesco not only give employees increased income, but also use targeted benefit to support the varied lifestyles of employees (Thetimes100, 2011). Furthermore, Fringe benefits prefer to provide their worker some in kind rather than in crash (Accel-team, 2010). For instance, company cars and private health insurance may lead to good performance of employees in a company (Accel-team, 2010). As another example that the fortune magazine states that Google is a company which is listed on the top 50 companies to best work for (Ezinearticles, 2008). Google provide their staff some usual perks which certain health cares and children facilities by allowing workers to bring their pets to work (Ezinearticles, 2008). The result for these series of Fringe benefits not only reduces the number of sick-leave days, but also can bring a good environment for workers. Nevertheless, financial rewards are not the only method that satisfies employees. There are non-financial rewards, which are as important as financial reward (Changingminds, 2011). Fredrick Herzberg of needs has claimed that both financial and non-financial rewards play significant roles in motivation (Changingminds, 2011). This is show in Figure 1, physiological need is at the bottom of the pyramid, such as wages for worker to be used each week or providing workers a good working environment (Changingminds, 2011). If the physiological needs are satisfied, employees needs will move to the next level which is called safety needs, such as living in a safe area or job security. As the level goes up in the pyramid, the financial factors will not satisfy the workers need while non-financial rewards motivate employees (Changingminds, 2011). Figure 1 (Changingminds, 2011) In order to motivate employees in higher levels in Maslows hierarchy of needs, it is necessary for business to consider more in non-financial rewards such as job enlargement and team work quality control circles. Job enlargement involves giving workers more jobs to avoid repeating doing the same job. In other words, they can change their jobs and tasks, so that they will not feel bored. For example, KFC invested more than 240 million Yuan for 20 million employees over a 17-year period when it entered China market ( Robroad, nd).The reason for KFC to use such a large amount of money to train their employees is that it aims to improve employees ability to deal with different jobs and tasks ( Robroad, nd). Meanwhile, team work is another good way to combine polled talents to work more efficiently. For example, one of the worldwide leaders in luxury automobiles BMW believed that teamwork helps workers trust each other and share their ideas by brainstorming, which hence helps the company run more efficiently (Swampfox, nd). Therefore, BMW spent thousands of money to make workers learnt how to trust and communicate better through a series of practice by using ultimate driving machine (Swampfox, nd). Finally, quality control circles are able to improve the nature of job directly. Staff can meet regularly to study and solve production problems. In addition, they also have abilities to help the company to make decisions. The well known computer company IBM does well in this area, employees in IBM can take part in decision making and bring some useful ideas for the company (Ocities, nd). At the same time employees feel that they are trusted and powerful when they were making an attempt to solve the problem (Ocities, nd). Therefore, non-financial motivation such as job enlargement, team work and quality control circles are also effective ways to motivate employees. In summary, it is necessary for a company to make sure what the employees really need and choose financial rewards or non- financial rewards to encourage them. There is no doubt that fair day pay and fringe benefits are still reasons why people keep working. However, non-financial rewards which include job enlargement, team work and quality control circles are more attracted for some higher educated employees, which are equally as important as financial rewards. Therefore, businesses need to balance each of them and make the most use of them to motivate the staffs. References Section: Accel-team (2010) [Online] Employee Motivation: Theory and practice Available at: http://www.accel-teamHYPERLINK http://www.accel-team.com/motivation/index.html.com/motivation/index.html Access Date: 12, March, 2011 Changingminds (2011) [Online] Maslows Hierarchy Available at: http://changingminds.org/explanations/needs/maslow.htm Access Date: 12, March, 2011 Ezinearticles (2011) [Online] Google sets the standard for a happy work environment Available at: http://ezinearticles.com/?Google-Sets-The-Standard-For-A-Happy-Work-EnvironmentHYPERLINK http://ezinearticles.com/?Google-Sets-The-Standard-For-A-Happy-Work-Environmentid=979201HYPERLINK http://ezinearticles.com/?Google-Sets-The-Standard-For-A-Happy-Work-Environmentid=979201id=979201 Access Date: 11, March, 2011 Qocities (nd) [Online] IBM Ideas Program Guide Available at: http://www.oocities.org/~keithgibby/ibm_ideas_prog_guide.htm Access Date: 12, March, 2011 Robroad (nd) [Online] KFC restaurant managers to do what the main job Available at: http://www.robroad.com/light-industry/index.php/restaurant-training-kfc/ Access Date: 12, March, 2011 Swampfox (nd) [Online] BMW delivers teamwork at Performance Center in Greer Available at: http://www.swampfox.ws/bmw-delivers-teamwork-at-performance-center-in-greer Access Date: 12, March, 2011 Thetimes100 (2011) [Online] Motivation theory in practice at Tesco Available at: http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-studymotivational-theory-in-practice-at-tesco132-396-3.php Access Date: 12, March, 2011

Definition Of Noise Pollution

Definition Of Noise Pollution The definition of noise pollution is can be elaborate as a type of energy pollution in which distracting, irritating, or damaging sounds are freely audible. Noise pollution contaminants are not physical particles, but rather waves that interfere with naturally-occurring waves of a similar type in the same environment. Sounds are considered noise pollution if they adversely affect wildlife, human activity, or are capable of damaging physical structures on a regular, repeating basis. In the broadest sense of the term, a sound may be considered noise pollution if it disturbs any natural process or causes human harm, even if the sound does not occur on a regular basis. 1.12 Measurement for sound Sound is transmitted in series through the air with the wave compressed. When it comes to sound, there are three terms that can connected with it, the strength, pitch or frequency. Strength calculated in units of decibels (dB). Decibel is a ratio expressed on a logarithmic scale. This logarithmic scale takes care of wide range of sound power, intensity and pressure. The decibel (dB) scale begins from zero, which represents the faintest sound, which is audible to a normal ear. Decibel (dB) is used in environmental noise pollution as a measure of sound power level, sound intensity level and sound pressure level. A decibel is a physical unit based on the weakest sound that can be detected by the human ear. It is named after Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone. Our human ear sensitivity to noise in the range of 20 to 20,000. 1.13 Sources of noise pollution People living in urban city complained about the noise from automobile traffic, overhead airplanes and helicopters, leaf blowers, pneumatic drills, and neighbors who play their televisions and stereos much too loudly. Large urban areas are being inundated by unwanted sounds. These sounds or noises are disturbing, disrupting ongoing activities and peaceful interludes. One cannot concentrate on a work project if there is constant drilling at a nearby construction site. It is virtually impossible to enjoy a television program when overhead jets frequently drown out its sound. It is difficult to fall asleep if your upstairs neighbors stereo system is blasting away. There are many sources of noise pollution that created in urban areas. The sources in general may be stationary or mobile. The example of stationary sources is such as when use of loudspeakers on various occasions like festivals, elections, worships in temples, mosques and during advertisements, mining operations, use of bulldozers, drillers and dynamites to break rocks, household gadgets like vacuum cleaner, TV, radio, stereo, grinder, mixer. In the other hand, mobile sources can be classified in Transportation / Traffic noise (Road Traffic or Highway Noise), Industrial noise, Noise from construction work and also Neighborhood noise.   Noise has direct physiological effects to human such as hearing damage which can be including hearing loss and tinnitus, or ringing in the ears, as well as cardiovascular and hormonal disturbances. Indirect effects include sleep loss, interference with concentration and learning, mood changes and aggression, and social isolation. Noise pollution is also becoming huge problem for many animals. Their hearing for detecting predators, finding mates, establishing territory, and recognizing warning alerts. Unnaturally high levels of noise can damage their hearing and can also mask more subtle sounds that they need to hear in order to survive and reproduce. They may also react with a fight-or-flight response to artificial sounds such as aircraft noise, thereby using up valuable energy reserves to flee from a non-existent predator. If noise in urban area becomes too intrusive, animals may shift to a new territory or alter their migration patterns, which can create new complications for their mating and survival. Noise Pollution effects the environment. As we all known that plants are similar to human being. They are also as sensitive as man. There should be cool and peaceful environment for their better growth. Noise pollution causes poor quality of crops in a pleasant atmosphere. Aim To awareness people that lived in urban areas when surrounding with noise pollution. I would like to cultivate and make a mass awareness to urban population since the level of awareness on the noise environmental issues is very low in urban areas. This will make a step of prevention to aware the dangerous of noise pollution surrounding them and how they can avoid or decrease the level of noise and know the effects and causes related to noise pollution. 1.3 Plan of the Research The plan is to investigate the level of awareness of the society regarding the environmental issues particularly on noise pollution issue. What are the best actions that need to be taken to make the society/community is aware. One of the plans is creating the survey questions. It will be asked questions to test their personality and attitude towards the environment especially on noise pollution. By performing these tasks, we can identify the best strategy to get peoples attention on this serious matter. This is a few questions that will be discussed. 1.4 Research Question What are the effects of noise on human health How does noise affect babies and children? What are the most common sources of noise pollution? What problems does noise pollution cause for people? What problems does noise pollution cause for animals? What are the effects of noise pollution on the environment? What can I do personally to reduce my own noise pollution? How can we reduce the noise pollution? What are the precautions we can take to avoid noise pollution? Do you think public is aware of the noise pollution issue? How can we educate people to make them emotionally/spiritually aware in better ways such as storytelling, video art etc? Does urbanization affects/increase the level of noise? Do you think we can totally get rid of noise pollution in urban cities? Are you aware that there are rules and regulations regarding noise? Research for (digital record) location The other plan is to record some digital audio (sound) and visual (video) to show the main causes of the noise pollution. The planning location is such as Main town Highway road LRT / Commuter rail Factories Neighborhood around the town Entertainment place (club, pub) Construction in the town 1.5 Justification for the Research Noise is all around us, but that doesnt mean we should just placidly accept unhealthy and unsafe levels of noise. Exposure to loud or constant noises can contribute to or cause hearing loss or a reduction in your ability to hear some frequencies of sound. Noise can prevent us from sleeping, which in turn affects our health and mood. Noise can distract us from our work, leading to errors and their consequences. And noise can produce high stress levels by triggering the bodys flight-or-fight response, which in turn leads to high blood pressure. In short, noise is not just a nuisance; it is a real health issue. By doing this research, I may contribute and helping people living in the urban areas to give some awareness regarding noise pollution and at the same time will save our habitat and environment in urban areas. Throughout reading my research paper and artwork, it will create awareness and people will be able control the sound and decrease the level of the noise pollution in urban areas. Furthermore people in the cities also can avoid from getting some health effects regarding noise pollution. . 1.6 Methodology I will gather data from internet sources, magazines, journals and etc Documentary I will try to get documentaries and speeches by environmentalists. Interview I will try to find people from Malaysian Nature Society (MNS) to answer some questions via email. Survey I have prepared questions as my survey. Visual- I will get some information about noise pollution via audio video in spot location in urban city. 1.7 Scope Sample from MMU students aged from 18-30 years old. Public aged from 18-30 years old. 1.8 Outline of the Thesis Chapter 1 I will provide the introduction details of my research topic. Chapter 2 I will put up the works of the previous researchers have done theoretically and practically. Chapter 3 I will provide the details such as materials to collect data and the details of the investigation. Chapter 4 I will discuss the result that I gathered from chapter 3 and will provide full analysis of interpreting data in the form of tables, charts and figures. Chapter 5 I will answer all the questions stated in the chapter 1. I will then interpret the research findings and check if they the data agree with the aims and proposal of my research and will provide recommendation if theres need. 1.9 Definitions Urban An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities, towns. Pollution- Pollution is the introduction of a contaminant into the environment. It is created mostly by human actions, but can also be a result of natural disasters. Pollution has a detrimental effect on any living organism in an environment, making it virtually impossible to sustain life. Noise- Noise is unwanted electrical or electromagnetic energy that degrades the quality of signals and data.   Noise occurs in digital and analog systems, and can affect files and communications of all types, including text, programs, images, audio, and telemetry.

Worldwide Denial of Global Warming Essay -- Essays Papers Environment

Worldwide Denial of Global Warming As human beings, we need to respect the environment in which we live. This is important to greater our future and that of others to follow. Very few people realize that their daily behaviors have a direct impact on the environment, the atmosphere in particular. By emitting harmful gasses into the air on a daily basis is one of the main reasons of such climate changes. People notice such changes and yet don't do anything to help the situation. Wee don't realize the risks that such changes in temperature pose. Rather than trying to conserve gas or taking cold showers, we still go on through our daily activities reluctant to change that will in time benefit the earth. By conserving gas and other harmful emissions like oil and electricity we are lessening the risks of global warming. By recognizing the potential risks, it will become easier to find practical solutions. There have been some steps toward conserving gas. Hybrid cars are becoming more and more popular among Americans and as well as other consumers. These cars will use less gas to get more mileage. Honda, is taking .steps toward lowering harmful gasses into the atmosphere by introducing these futuristic cars to the American public The main purpose of these cars is to reduce the dependency on gas for automobiles. As cheap college students, we all know how expensive gas is today, wouldn?t you rather save all the money you spend on gas and use it for other things like beer, clothes or other recreational purposes. The effects of global warming will have a lasting impact on the entire world. All people in all nations will experience unfortunate outcomes if something isn?t done soon. ... ...ed are called ?renewables.? ?Renewable energy technologies use solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, or biomass energy? (United States EPA). Such new technologies are clean compared with traditional energy technologies, which burn fossil fuels such as oil and gas and can be used to solve many environmental problems. Work cited Frazier, Ian. ?As The World Burns.? Mother Jones March/Apr. 2003: Vo.28. 2: Academic Search Premier. EBSCO Marshall, George and Mark Lynas. ?Why We Don?t Give A Damn.? New Statesman 21 Jan. 2003: 132. 4666: 18+.Academic Search Premier. EBSCO Schulz, Kathryn. ?Global Warming Right Now.? Rolling Stone 20 Feb. 2003: Iss.916 Academic Search Premier. EBSCO United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Renewable Energy: The Road from Global Warming To a Cleaner Future Office of Policy. September 1998.

Acid Rain :: Free Essay Writer

The Damaging Effects of Acid Rain Modern society is becoming overwhelmed with great amounts of pollution from cars, factories and an overabundance of garbage. The immense amounts of sulphur dioxide emitted into the air causes high levels of acid in the atmosphere. When this sulphuric acid is absorbed into moisture in the air, poignant rainfalls can be damaging to the external environment. Acid rain is destroying the world=s lakes, air and ecosystem. Acid rain is killing lakes and decreasing the number of inhabitants in these fresh water bodies. Acid rain causes an ample deduction in the pH levels in the water. At a neutral level the pH in water should be close to seven, yet in these acidic water bodies the pH levels can be as low as four. These pH levels of four contain more than ten percent acids than that of normal rain and one thousand times more acid than neutral water. Each decade the pH levels of lakes around Ontario have become ten times more acidic. The high acid levels cont ained in lakes also causes a decrease in the number of fish dwelling in these lakes. Also Aacid produces chemical changes in the blood of the fish, and their basic body metabolism is altered@ (Howard & Perley, 1980, p. 24), and can cause deformities in these inhabitants. They have twisted and arched backbones, flattened heads and strangely curved tails. In pH levels of four there is little left in the lakes besides rock bass, pumpkinseed and lake herring. Affected fish are also in danger of becoming sterile, which would put the species at risk of becoming extinct. As with sulphur dioxide in rain, mercury is also discharged into the water. There is a direct connection between the mercury rich lakes as there is with those with high acidic levels. This metal becomes concentrated in the blood and tissues of fish. Acid rain causes traumatic effects in natural lakes and rivers. Acid rain causes air quality to deteriorate. As in water, acid rain causes the pH levels in the air to decrease. The sulphur dioxide, which diffuses into the air, mixes with moisture causing the pH levels to drop from the normal level. Again, the normal level is somewhere around seven, yet in some acidic air masses the levels can be as low as three. These lowered pH levels form a photochemical smog in the atmosphere.

Martin Luther Essays -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Martin Luther and the Break With Rome   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Martin Luther began as a simple Augustinian Friar in the Roman Catholic Church, the reigning power of Western Europe for hundreds of years, and he soon became the leader of the most important stand against the Catholic Church. I call Luther’s actions a stand rather than a revolt because he did not willingly mean to disrespect the entire church or even start a new denomination of Christianity, he was only trying to bring truth to it. Luther published writings such as The Ninety-five Theses, Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation and A Treatise on Christian Liberty, all which produced outrage in the Church for the fact that it blatantly accused the clerics, and especially the pope, of many wrong doings in their practice.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Luther belonged to a church in Wittenburg, Germany and here he was a scholar as well as a priest. He, like many others, came to notice the corruption in the Church. The Church had come to own a great deal of land all over Europe, collect a very considerable sum in mandatory taxes from the middle-class, and they had become very rich and very powerful. This led to an even greater hunger and they started the practice of selling indulgences, which is paying to be forgiven of one’s sins, and simony, which is paying to get into church office. These were just a few of the many un-Godly acts of the Catholic Church during the 1500’s. Luther felt that these injustuces should be brought to light and dealt with and then the Church should reform. With this idea he wrote The Ninety-five Theses, which were a series of wrongs committed by the church and the things they needed to do to change. This was originally supposed to be simply ideas put up for discussion among his peers in the Church, but very quickly this document spread like a wild fire and set the church a flame.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Ninety-five Theses included the ideas that, â€Å"The pope cannot remit any guilt...The dying are freed by death from all penalties...The pope (cannot) grant remission to souls in purgatory...† He basically concluded that the Church did not have all the powers they claimed to have. They lied and cheated for money. Of course Luther did not write this and then march into Rome with it demanding change, they were only... ...d, I find that they have done nothing of special importance.† It seems to me that at the point when Luther wrote Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, he knew that the Church was out to get him and he was, in a way, rallying for supporters. He was pointing out that the pope cannot do much harm if they come together and stand against him. But will this work? Can the Catholic Church be defeated? Martin Luther was summoned to appear before Emperor Charles of the Holy Roman Empire as well as the clergy to defend himself against the charge of heresy in Worms in 1521. Here was his moment, he knew he could not reform the Church but he could tell the truth. His truth was that he only believed God was before him and the Word of God was the only truth or law he had before him. Luther was excommunicated from the Catholic Church although it is very surprising to me that he was not put to death. Maybe the church knew their power was waning. Luther had succeeded in gaining an admirable following, he was victorious over the Church because he held fast to what he believed and here is where the first branch split from the tree of Christianity and the world was forever changed.

What Is The Ercp Health And Social Care Essay

ERCP is a diagnostic trial to analyze the duodenum ( the first part of the little bowel ) , the papilla of Vater ( a little nipple-like construction with gaps taking to the gall canals and the pancreatic canal ) , the gall canals, the gall bladder and the pancreatic canal. The process is performed by utilizing a long, flexible, sing instrument ( a duodenoscope ) about the diameter of a pen. The duodenoscope is flexible and can be directed and moved around the many decompression sicknesss of the tummy and bowel. Two types of duodenoscopes are presently available. A fiberoptic duodenoscope uses a thin fiberoptic package to convey images to the lens at the sing terminal of the instrument. A videoscope uses a thin wire with a bit at the tip of the instrument to convey images to a Television screen. The duodenoscope is inserted through the oral cavity, to the dorsum of the pharynx, down the nutrient pipe, through the tummy and into the first part of the little bowel ( duodenum ) . Once th e papilla of Vater is identified, a little plastic catheter ( cannula ) is passed through an unfastened channel of the duodenoscope into the papilla of Vater, and into the gall ducts and/or the pancreatic canal. Contrast stuff ( dye ) is so injected and X raies are taken of the gall canals and the pancreatic canal. The unfastened channel besides allows other instruments to be passed through it in order to execute biopsies, to infix plastic or metal tubing to alleviate obstructor of gall canals caused by malignant neoplastic disease or scarring, and to execute scratch by utilizing electrocautery ( electric heat ) . For farther information on the anatomy and physiology of bile production ( by the liver ) and circulation, delight see the Gallstones article. The liver is a big solid organ located beneath the right stop. The liver produces gall, which is stored in the gall bladder ( a little pouch located beneath the liver ) . After repasts, the gall bladder contracts and empties the gall through the cystic canal, into the gall canals, through the papilla of Vater, and into the bowel to assist with digestion. The pancreas is located behind the tummy. It besides produces digestive juice which drains through the pancreatic canal into the papilla of Vater, and into the bowel.What sort of readying is required?For the best possible scrutiny, the tummy must be empty. The patient should non eat anything after midnight on the eventide predating the test. In instance the process is performed early in the forenoon, no liquid should be taken. In instance the scrutiny is performed at midday clip, a cup of tea, juice, milk, or java can be taken 4 hours earlier. Heart and blood force per unit area medicines should ever be taken with a little sum of H2O in the early forenoon. Since the process will necessitate endovenous sedation, the patient needs to hold a comrade thrust him/her place after the process.What can be expected during and after the process?The patient will be given medicine through a vena to do relaxation and drowsiness. The patient will be given some local anaesthetic to diminish the joke physiological reaction. Some doctors do non utilize local anaesthetic and prefer to give the patients more endovenous medicine for sedation. This besides applies to those patients who have a history of allergic reaction to Xylocaine, can non digest the acrimonious gustatory sensation of the local anaesthetic, or the numbness esthesis in the pharynx. While the patient is lying on the left side on the x-ray tabular array, the endovenous medicine is given and so the instrument inserted gently through the oral cavity into the duodenum. The instrument advances through the nutrient pipe and non the air pipe. It does non interfere with th e external respiration and gagging is normally prevented or decreased by the medicine. When the patient is in semi-conscious province, he/she can still follow instructions to alter the place on the x-rays tabular array. Once the instrument has been advanced into the tummy, there is minimum uncomfortableness except for the foreign organic structure esthesis in the pharynx. The process can last any where from 15 proceedingss to one hr, depending on the accomplishment of the doctor and the anatomy or abnormalcies in that country. After the process, the patients should be observed in the recovery country until most of the effects from the medicine have worn off. This normally takes one to two hours. The patient may experience bloated or somewhat nauseated from the medicine or the process. Very seldom a patient experiences purging and may burp or go through some gas through the rectum. Upon discharge, the patient should be driven place by his/her comrade and is advised to remain place for the remainder of the twenty-four hours. The patient can restart usual activity the following twenty-four hours. Even though the doctor may explicate to the patient or comrade sing the findings after the process, it is still necessary to name the doctor the following twenty-four hours to guarantee that the patient understands the consequences of the scrutiny.What are the grounds for the scrutiny?The liver, bile canals, gall bladder, pancreas and the papilla of Vater can be involved in legion diseases, doing myriad of symptoms. ERCP is used in naming and handling the undermentioned conditions: Gallstones in the gall canal Obstruction of the gall canal by rocks, malignant neoplastic disease, stenosis or compaction from next variety meats Jaundice ( xanthous colouring of the tegument ) due to obstructor of the gall canal, besides doing darkening of the urine and light coloured stool. Persistent or recurrent upper abdominal hurting which can non be diagnosed by other trials Unexplained loss of appetency and weight loss Confirming the diagnosing of malignant neoplastic disease of the pancreas or the bile canal, so that surgery or other intervention can be tailoredWhat are the side effects and hazards of the process?ERCP is a extremely specialised process which requires a batch of experience and accomplishment. The process is rather safe and is associated with a really low hazard when it is performed by experient doctors. The success rate in executing this process varies from 70 % to 95 % depending on the experience of the doctor. Complications can happen in about one to five per centum depending on the accomplishment of the doctor and the implicit in upset. The most common complication is pancreatitis which is due to annoyance of the pancreas and can happen even in really experient doctors. This â€Å" injection â€Å" pancreatitis is normally treated in the infirmary for one to two yearss. Another possible complication is infection. Other serious hazards including perforation of the intestine, dr ug reactions, hemorrhage, depressed external respiration, irregular bosom round or bosom onslaught are highly rare. In instance of complication, patient demands to be hospitalized and surgery is seldom required. In drumhead, ERCP is a instead simple outpatient scrutiny that is performed with the patient sedated. The process provides important information upon which specific intervention can be tailored. In certain instances, therapy can be performed at the same clip through the duodenoscope, so that traditional unfastened surgeries can be avoided. ERCP is presently the diagnostic and curative process of pick in most patients for placing and taking bilestones in the gall canals.Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography at a GlanceERCP is a diagnostic process to analyze diseases of the liver, bile canals and pancreas. ERCP is performed under endovenous sedation, normally without general anaesthesia. ERCP is an uncomfortable but non painful process. There is a low incidence of complications. ERCP can supply of import information that can non be obtained by other diagnostic scrutinies, e.g. abdominal ultrasound, CT scan, endoscopic echography ( EUS ) , or MRI. Frequently, curative steps can be performed at the clip of ERCP to take rocks in the gall ducts or to alleviate obstructors of the gall canals.Front View of the PancreasThe pancreas is about 6 inches long and sits across the dorsum of the venters, behind the tummy. The caput of the pancreas is on the right side of the venters and is connected to the duodenum ( the first subdivision of the little bowel ) through a little tubing called the pancreatic canal. The narrow terminal of the pancreas, called the tail, extends to the left side of the organic structureFront View of the SpleenThe lien is an organ in the upper far left portion of the venters, to the left of the tummy. The spleen varies in size and form between people, but it ‘s normally fist-shaped, violet, and about 4 inches long. Because the lien is protected by the rib coop, you ca n't easy experience it unless it ‘s abnormally enlarged. The lien plays multiple back uping functions in the organic structure. It acts as a filter for blood as portion of the immune system. Old ruddy blood cells are recycled in the lien, and thrombocytes and white blood cells are stored at that place. The lien besides helps contend certain sorts of bacteriums that cause pneumonia and meningitisStomachThe tummy is a muscular pouch located on the left side of the upper venters. The tummy receives nutrient from the gorge. As nutrient reaches the terminal of the gorge, it enters the tummy through a muscular valve called the lower esophageal sphincter. The tummy secretes acid and enzymes that digest nutrient. Ridges of musculus tissue called rugae line the tummy. The tummy muscles contract sporadically, churning nutrient to heighten digestion. The pyloric sphincter is a muscular valve that opens to let nutrient to base on balls from the tummy to the little bowel.ERCPERCP stands for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Equally difficult as this is to state, the thought behind the test is reasonably simple. A dye is injected into the gall and pancreatic canals utilizing a flexible, video endoscope. Then X raies are taken to sketch the gall canals and pancreas. The liver produces gall, which flows through the canals, base on ballss or fills the gall bladder and so enters the bowel ( duodenum ) merely beyond the tummy. The pancreas, which is six to eight inches long, sits behind the tummy. This organ secretes digestive enzymes that flow into the bowel through the same gap as the gall. Both gall and enzymes are needed to digest food.http: //www.gicare.com/images/endoscopy/ERCP-1.jpgEquipmentThe flexible endoscope is a singular piece of equipment that can be directed and moved around the many decompression sicknesss in the upper GI piece of land. The endoscopes have a bantam, optically sensitive computing machine bit at the terminal. Electronic signals are so transmitted up the range to the computing machine which so displays the image on a big picture screen. An unfastened channel in the range allows other instruments to be passed through it to execute biopsies, inject solutions, make scratchs or topographic point stents.Reasons for the ExamD ue to factors related to diet, environment and heredity, the gall canals, gall bladder and pancreas are the place of legion upsets. These can develop into a assortment of diseases and/or symptoms. ERCP helps in naming and handling these conditions. ERCP may be used for: Gallstones, which are trapped in the chief gall canal Obstruction of the gall canal To measure xanthous icterus, which turns the tegument yellow and the urine dark Cancer of the gall ducts or pancreas Pancreatitis ( redness of the pancreas ) Infections of the gall canals Leaks of the bile canal or pancreatic canalPreparationThe lone readying needed before an ERCP is to non eat or imbibe for eight hours prior to the process. You may be asked to halt certain medicines such as acetylsalicylic acid or other blood dilutants before the process. Check with the doctor.The ProcedureAn ERCP uses X ray and is performed in a room specially equipped for X raies. The patient is positioned on his or her tummy or left side with the caput turned to the right.A The patient is sedated and a piece of plastic placed in the oral cavity to maintain the oral cavity unfastened. The endoscope is so gently inserted into the upper gorge. The patient breathes easy throughout the test, with muzzling seldom happening. A thin tubing is inserted through the endoscope to the chief gall canal come ining the duodenum. Dye is so injected into this bile canal and/or the pancreatic canal and x-ray movies are taken. If a bilestone is found, stairss may be taken to take it. An scratch can b e made utilizing electrocautery ( electrical heat ) to open the lower part of the canal as it enters the duodenum. Additionally, it is possible to widen narrowed canals and to put little tube, called stents, in these countries to maintain them unfastened. The exam takes from 20 to 40 proceedingss, but could take up to an hr or more, depending on the complexness of the process, after which the patient is taken to the recovery area.http: //www.gicare.com/images/endoscopy/ERCP-2.jpgConsequencesAfter the test, the doctor explains the consequences. If the effects of the depressants are prolonged, the doctor may propose an assignment for a ulterior day of the month when the patient can to the full understand the consequences.BenefitsAn ERCP is performed chiefly to place and/or correct a job in the gall ducts or pancreas. This means the trial enables a diagnosing to be made upon which specific intervention can be given. If a bilestone is found during the test, it can frequently be removed, extinguishing the demand for major surgery. If a obstruction in the gall canal causes xanthous icterus or hurting, it can be relieved.http: //www.gicare.com/images/endoscopy/ERCP-3.jpgAlternate TestingERCP is now mostly a curative process and reserved for state of affairss where an abnormalcy is expected.A Alternatives include a particular MRI of the gall canals ( MRCP ) , which enables review of the gall ducts without the hazard of ERCP.A Special ultrasound trials ( endoscopic ultrasound ) , CT-scan and atomic medical specialty X raies are besides ways to measure the gall canals and pancreas.A In add-on, dye can be injected into the gall canals by puting a needle through the tegument and into the liver. Small tube can so be threaded into the bile canals. Study of the blood besides can supply some indirect information about the canals and pancreas.Side Effectss and HazardsA impermanent, mild sore pharynx sometimes occurs after the test. Serious hazards with ERCP are comparatively u ncommon. One such hazard is pancreatitis.A Because the pancreas and bile canals lie near to each other, there is a opportunity the pancreas can go inflamed.A It is of import to understand this hazard before continuing with an ERCP.A Other hazards include shed blooding, particularly if an scratch is necessary, perforation and infection.A These complications may necessitate hospitalization and, seldom, surgery.A It is of import to state your doctor if you are pregnant or if you have had anterior reactions to contrast agents.A Due to the mild sedation, the patient should non drive or run machinery for six hours following the test. For this ground, a driver should attach to the patient to the test.

Conflict resolution Essay

Portfolio is a collection of evidence, usually in written form that presents personal and professional development, by providing critical analysis of its contents (McMullen, et. al., 2003). A portfolio captures learning from experience, enables to measure learning, acts as a tool for reflective thinking, illustrates critical analytical skills and evidence of self-directed learning and provides a collection of detailed evidence of a person’s competence (Gray, et. al., 2004). For Dewey, reflective thinking consisted of two parts: a state of doubt and a search to resolve that doubt. Thus, constructing a portfolio is an act of revealing one’s beliefs. At the heart of portfolio development is purposeful choice making (Davis, et. al., 1997). This portfolio has been written as a part of the Post Graduate diploma in neonatal intensive Care nursing. The author will begin by providing an overview of reflection and mention the models used to guide this process. For the purpose of reflection the essay shall be written in the first person. I will reflect on one specific incident that I encountered in my experience as a neonatal nurse in one of the maternity hospitals which, I will analyse and discuss how it affected my practice. I will conclude by summarising my thoughts and reflections. For the purpose of data protection I have used pseudonyms when referring to those involved in the incident Agent-Based Manufacturing and Control Systems: New Agile Manufacturing Solutions for Achieving Peak Performance Massimo Paolucci and Roberto Sacile ISBN: 1574443364 Curing the Patch Management Headache Felicia M. Nicastro ISBN: 0849328543 Cyber Crime Investigator’s Field Guide, Second Edition Bruce Middleton ISBN: 0849327687 Disassembly Modeling for Assembly, Maintenance, Reuse and Recycling A. J. D. Lambert and Surendra M. Gupta ISBN: 1574443348 The Ethical Hack: A Framework for Business Value Penetration Testing James S. Tiller ISBN: 084931609X Fundamentals of DSL Technology Philip Golden, Herve Dedieu, and Krista Jacobsen ISBN: 0849319137 The HIPAA Program Reference Handbook Ross Leo ISBN: 0849322111 Implementing the IT Balanced Scorecard: Aligning IT with Corporate Strategy Jessica Keyes ISBN: 0849326214 Information Security Fundamentals Thomas R. Peltier, Justin Peltier, and John A. Blackley ISBN: 0849319579 Information Security Management Handbook, Fifth Edition, Volume 2 Harold F. Tipton and Micki Krause ISBN: 0849332109 Introduction to Management of Reverse Logistics and Closed Loop Supply Chain Processes Donald F. Blumberg ISBN: 1574443607 Maximizing ROI on Software Development Vijay Sikka ISBN: 0849323126 Mobile Computing Handbook Imad Mahgoub and Mohammad Ilyas ISBN: 0849319714 MPLS for Metropolitan Area Networks Nam-Kee Tan ISBN: 084932212X Multimedia Security Handbook Borko Furht and Darko Kirovski ISBN: 0849327733 Network Design: Management and Technical Perspectives, Second Edition Teresa C. Piliouras ISBN: 0849316081 Network Security Technologies, Second Edition Kwok T. Fung ISBN: 0849330270 Outsourcing Software Development Offshore: Making It Work Tandy Gold ISBN: 0849319439 Quality Management Systems: A Handbook for Product Development Organizations Vivek Nanda ISBN: 1574443526 A Practical Guide to Security Assessments Sudhanshu Kairab ISBN: 0849317061 Agent-Based Manufacturing and Control Systems: New Agile Manufacturing Solutions for Achieving Peak Performance Massimo Paolucci and Roberto Sacile ISBN: 1574443364 Curing the Patch Management Headache Felicia M. Nicastro ISBN: 0849328543 Cyber Crime Investigator’s Field Guide, Second Edition Bruce Middleton ISBN: 0849327687 Disassembly Modeling for Assembly, Maintenance, Reuse and Recycling A. J. D. Lambert and Surendra M. Gupta ISBN: 1574443348 The Ethical Hack: A Framework for Business Value Penetration Testing James S. Tiller ISBN: 084931609X Fundamentals of DSL Technology Philip Golden, Herve Dedieu, and Krista Jacobsen ISBN: 0849319137 The HIPAA Program Reference Handbook Ross Leo ISBN: 0849322111 Implementing the IT Balanced Scorecard: Aligning IT with Corporate Strategy Jessica Keyes ISBN: 0849326214 Information Security Fundamentals Thomas R. Peltier, Justin Peltier, and John A. Blackley ISBN: 0849319579 Information Security Management Handbook, Fifth Edition, Volume 2 Harold F. Tipton and Micki Krause ISBN: 0849332109 Introduction to Management of Reverse Logistics and Closed Loop Supply Chain Processes Donald F. Blumberg ISBN: 1574443607 Maximizing ROI on Software Development Vijay Sikka ISBN: 0849323126 Mobile Computing Handbook Imad Mahgoub and Mohammad Ilyas ISBN: 0849319714 MPLS for Metropolitan Area Networks Nam-Kee Tan ISBN: 084932212X Multimedia Security Handbook Borko Furht and Darko Kirovski ISBN: 0849327733 Network Design: Management and Technical Perspectives, Second Edition Teresa C. Piliouras ISBN: 0849316081 Network Security Technologies, Second Edition Kwok T. Fung ISBN: 0849330270 Outsourcing Software Development Offshore: Making It Work Tandy Gold ISBN: 0849319439 Quality Management Systems: A Handbook for Product Development Organizations Vivek Nanda ISBN: 1574443526 A Practical Guide to Security Assessments Sudhanshu Kairab ISBN: 0849317061

Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave

â€Å"Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave? † was first published in the Saturday Review on September 27, 1913, then in Thomas Hardy’s 1914 collection, satires of Circumstance: Lyrics and Reveries with Miscellaneous Pieces. The poem reflects Hardy’s interest in death and events beyond everyday reality, but these subjects are presented humorously, with a strong dose of irony and satire. This treatment is somewhat unusual for Hardy, who also produced a number of more serious poems concerning death. In â€Å"Ah, Are You Digging On My Grave? † a deceased woman carries on a dialogue with an individual who is disturbing her grave site. The identity of this figure, the â€Å"digger† of the woman’s grave is unknown through the first half of the poem (Ruby 1). As the woman attempts to guess who the digger is, she reveals her desire to be remembered by various figures she was acquainted with when she was alive. In a series of ironic turns, the responses of the digger show that the woman’s acquaintances a loved one, family relatives, and a despised enemy have all forsaken her memory. Finally it is revealed that the digger is the woman’s dog, but the canine too, is unconcerned with his former mistress and is digging only so it can bury a bone. Though the poem contains a humorous tone, the picture Hardy paints is bleak. The dead are almost completely eliminated from the memory of the living and do not enjoy any form of contentment This somber outlook is typical of Hardy’s verse, which often presented a skeptical and negative view of the human condition (Ruby 1). Hardy was born in 1840 and raised in the region of Dorestshire, England, the basis for the Wessex countryside that would later appear in his fiction and poetry. He attended a local school until he was sixteen, when his mother paid a lot of money for him to be apprenticed to an architect in Dorchester. In 1862 he moved to London, where he worked as an architect, remaining there for a period of five years. Between 1865 and 1867 Hardy wrote many poems, none of which were published. In 1867 he returned to Dorchester and, while continuing to work in architecture, began to write novels in his spare time. Hardy became convinced that if he was to make a living writing, he would have to do so as a novelist (Ruby 2). Drawing on the way of life he absorbed in Dorsetshire as a youth and the wide range of English writers with which he as familiar, Hardy spent nearly thirty years as a novelist before devoting himself to poetry. In 1874 Hardy married Emma Lavinia Gifford, who would become subject of many of his poems. They spent several years in happiness until the 1880s, when marital troubles began to shake the closeness of their union. Hardy’s first book of verse was published in 1898, when he was fifty-eight years old and had achieved a large degree of success as a novelist. Although his verse was not nearly as successful as his novels, Hardy continued to focus on his poetry and published seven more books of verse before his death, developing his confidence (Ruby2). With the composition of the Dynasts: A Drama of the Napoleonic Wars (1904-08) an epic historical drama written in verse, Hardy was hailed as a major poet. He was praised as a master of his craft, and his writing was admired for its great emotional force and technical skill. Hardy continued to write until just before his death in 1928. Despite his wish to be buried with his family, influential sentiment for his burial in Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey instigated a severe compromise: the removal of his heart, which was buried in Dorchester, and the cremation of his body, which was interred in the Abbey (Ruby 2). The structure of â€Å"Ah, Are You Digging On My Grave? † is a familiar one, although not one commonly associated with poetry: the joke. A situation is established and briefly developed, then the punch line turns everything on its head. In Hardy’s bitter joke a dead woman has high- flown expectations of the living: her loved one will remain forever faithful to her; her family will continue to look after her exactly as they did in life: and even her enemy’s hatred will not wane. The poem’s punch line deflates her hopes and reveals them as vain and ridiculous. Hardy sets up his joke carefully, with a poet’s attention to the language he uses (Ruby 4). The atmosphere is set in the first two lines. A sigh from the grave seems to signal profound meditation on morality and love. The phrasing of the two lines is almost self-consciously â€Å"poetic. † Such language is maintained throughout the first three stanzas. Expressions like â€Å"planting rue,† â€Å"Death’s gin. † â€Å"The Gate that shuts on all flesh† portray feeling that is heightened, more sensitive and authentic than every day, emotion (Ruby 4). They awaken a sense of tragedy and compassion in the reader, But Hardy is merely setting us up for the punch line. They tone of the poem’s language begins begins to change in the fourth stanza. One hardly notices it, so great is the reader’s surprise that it was a little dog that was poeticizing all along. The first seeds of doubt have been planted: this poem may not be exactly what it at first seemed. The dead woman recognizes the dog’s voice and utters the article of faith she feels most deeply: a dog’s love outshines anything human (Ruby 4). But when the dog replies, the reader realizes that Hardy is up to something else. The â€Å"poetry† and sentimentality have vanished. The dog’s voice is as ordinary and plainspoken as that of the Wessex country folk. He deflates her last hope so offhandedly and without pretense that its effect is brutal. At the same time the dead woman’s expectations about her lover, her family and enemy are portrayed as products of the same ridiculous sentimental outlook (Hardy 4). â€Å"After coming to the end of ‘Ah, Are You Digging on My Grave? ’ the reader realizes that the title would have been more accurate even if less interesting if called, â€Å"Oh No One Is Digging on My Grave. ’ † (Ruby 10).