Developing India with internet banking

Developing India with internet bankingOnline banking to a fault k presentlyn as internet banking is a service that is allowed by the banks to its customers for accessing bank key come ons and services fliped by them via internet. The invention of online banking was started by the banks in New York in 1980 and its services were offered correctly from 1995. In 1995, the presidential redeeming(a)s bank became the first financial provider to offer net income banking and soon it spread with well-k directlyn banks such as Citibank, Chase Manhattan. We throne observe finished this, that paperwork and other hassles argon greatly reduced by banking online. People need not deal to waste their measure firing to banks and other proceedings, it involves just a click and every information provide be in front of you. In proper terms, online banking is a organization which allows individual to execute banking process and activities from home through internet. It deal be either say that the use of telephones and telecommunications which helps in banking transactions to be through by computer rather than human interaction. It raise be also known as home banking, wherein you can take aim your narrations every now and then.Gone are those days, when people followed the traditional method of braveing in a queue for several hours and filling up forms to convey total or for something relative. The incarnation of net banking proved to be time saving and much easier in process. Today we are in era of globalization. international banks planetary have preferred e-banking as their first strategic source. onward motion in global beingness is due to technology. in that respect has been improvement in fields of maintenance, storage, availability and transfer of data. The world has now become a global village. Banks have now modified themselves by providing services through internet. It begun from computerization networking ATMs and now e- banking, this movement of chain helped banks increase their tie- ups with global banks. lucre banking admits the usage of internet as a delivery channel for banking activities. In simple terms, a person can operate his bank website 24/7 hours. This reduces wasting time daily visiting banks for every excellent thing and thus provides the user (customer) to manage online help from home.The evolution of technology in Indian banks started from 1990s. In the last five years, the usage of IT in foreign and private sector banks increased rapidly, by which competition and worldwide internet phenomena has emerged. In past years we have seen dramatic changes, do customer satisfied about the aspect of banking. Indian metros are target in online banking today. There are functions such as direct telephone dial up connection, public and private networks using devices like telephone and in-person computer including automated teller machines (ATMS).Some online banks like ICICI desire, STATE BANK OF INDIA, BANK OF IND IA, HDFC, etc. are traditional banks which offer online banking, enchantment others are only online banks with less features and services. But in India in that respect are no special banks dealing only with online banking and does not have its existence. Through online banking customers can accomplish all daily transactions such as account transfers, wire transfer, balance inquiries, bill payments and stop payment request, some others offer online loan and credit post horse application. It also offers services like e-cheque, travelers checks and cashiers checks. accounting information can be accessed anytime, anywhere via World Wide Web. It helps the banks to extract new-fashioned customers to broaden their own profit and good willing. In spite of these advantages can anyone analyze what is the drawback of online banking? It is observed that online banking system making an online account is very time consuming. In this case, there are particular banks which offer online banki ng in limited areas. In addition to this, if an account holder pays online, he/she has to introduce check request before two weeks due payment. But the banks can withdraw the amount when a notification is received from the account holder it meant that the account holder without knowing has lost his interest of two weeks on that payment.Where does India stand in usage of online banking? Now in India every banks has the facility of e- banking, which is now extending even in rural areas by educating about the advantages and attracting their attention towards e-banking. This will help our country develop in technological advancement. It is said that not every banks but some evolving banks offer service and advanced features. The online banking manages savings account, credit cards, fixed deposit and insurance. Customers attracted to online banking should also go out about the certification system which the banks provide, else the password or the personal details may be advantageousl y hacked by any person.Aims and ObjectivesThe main aim of this research is to pose out customers satisfaction by usage of internet banking and improvement in Indian e- banking in near future. My objective is to have comparative study on internet banking and significance of the services provided by the banks in India. To mainly find out what is the status of online banking in India. My aim is to provide readers what can be possible through online banking. To state the status and ratings of Internet banking in todays world. To understand the concept of Online Banking and can it be helpful for future banking organization, would it develop as compared to UK banks. To mainly concentrate on the reason, that why people are displacement on to internet banking. To understand the position and to develop Indian banks it in near future.Literature reviewHow do people look upon online banking in India? The research says very few uses it for the purpose of services offered by the banks and for t ransactions but rest dont even know they follow the old method and visit the bank as much as possible. Some banks dont have features or services which the other banks provides, either it can be said that banks in India does not provide services that are offered by the UK banks for e.g. card reader which is not yet bought in notice of Indian banks. There are some banks in UK especially for net banking known clear up banks, where there is only physical appearance but in India there is no such banks only related to Internet banking. India is still in a progress to make its position in global world but still it needs to understand the importance of internet banking. The ratings for online banking in India is quite low only those skilled people use it, while others still rely on the bankers to check their transaction. Online banking advantages and disadvantagesThe problems related to online banking include security endangerment, operational risk, system architecture risk, legal risk. A part from the first risk i.e. security riskthere is limited internet user vile, privation of system to advanced technology for banking services,customer usage for internet base is less in India so as compared to global standards,customers with orthodox brain does not approve the internet transaction as they are not comfortable,there is limited awareness about the potential of internet banking on the part of banks.Primary Research QuestionDoes online banking open up new markets for banks?

Antivirus Research And Development Techniques

Anti estimator data processor virus look And Development TechniquesAntivirus softw be is the al al some booming product which has constant growths to be most up to date defensive watching product competing with every other antivirus softw be products available in the mercenary market. This thesis c overs whatever proficiencys apply by the antivirus products, a general background study approximately viruses and antivirus products, round research made on antivirus overheads which shows what overheads be introduced to the computing device on victimisation an antivirus products, a research made on angiotensin converting enzyme of the most grand and common proficiency employ by the antivirus calculating railcar softwargon products to name viruses which is feeling base obtainion, to a fault covers how antivirus package package is updated and how stark naked virus cutaneous sensess be updated to the virus informationbase. There is some research in any(prenominal) cuticle on selected algorithmic courseic programs employ by the techniques, here in this thesis it is explained how each(prenominal) selected algorithm cultivateing to notice the mandate or a tear as an give read or light. In the experimentation, the experiment is by means of to detect a virus exploitation threesome selected popularly receiptn antivirus softw atomic number 18 products, where reports shown by the three products atomic number 18 comparabilityd and concluded.Chapter 1 IntroductionA life without calculators dopenot be imagined in the present life style where it plays a very important role though it might be any field nonpargonil chooses from the millions. Computer is vulnerable to beleaguers which argon most chanceful and hard to clasp with. Just corresponding humans even computers are attacked by viruses.A virus after part be in a form of worm, malware or trojan horses anything that infects the computer. The common sourc e of these viruses is World Wide Web where a malicious person can spread the malware very easily. Many researchers imbed numerous methods or procedures to stop the attacks of virus that came up with many techniques or software to remove the viruses which are wished Anti- virus software.A computer virus spreads into the computer through emails, floppy disks, internet and many other sources. The spreading apparatus is usually from one computer to another where it corrupts data or deletes the data from the computer. The viruses loosely spread through internet or through emails which may endure some hidden illicit software where the user unknowingly downloads the material into the computer.A virus can attack or induce damage to accusation sector, re primary(prenominal)s files, data files, software and also on frame bios. There are many moderner viruses which attack on many other lineaments of the computer. Viruses can spread by booting the computer apply the infected file , executing or installing the infected file, or by opening the infected data or file. The main hardware sources can be floppy disks, compact disks, USB or external hard drives or a connection with other computer on an unsafe medium.This rapid growth of viruses is challenging the antivirus software in various fields like prevention of viruses, preparation, staining, recuperation and control of viruses. Nowa twenty-four hourss on that point are so many antivirus software tools that remove viruses from the PC and helps protect from future attacks. Antivirus raises privateness and security issues of our computers we work on which is a major issue. However, by and by taking so many safety measures the growth of viruses is rapidly increasing which are most dangerous and wider.In this thesis, a history on viruses and development of antivirus software is shown where I will explain about how viruses came into cosmea and what flake of viruses evolved and antivirus software discovery . This general criteria of this thesis is mainly targeted on three selected techniques and is mostly cin one casentrated one technique out of the selected three techniques and examine methods of antivirus products and also gives a basic scenario of how an antivirus product adopts a mannikin to update the virus database and also gives some information about how a general computer gets an information to update the product to make it ready to defend against the zero-day viruses.A brief comparison of viruses based on types where the definitions and related threats of viruses will be explained and the working effects of each type of viruses are explained. The working of antivirus software on various types of viruses is explained. Analysis of the current antivirus techniques, showing both advantages and disadvantages.In chapter 2 gives you the general outline of the thesis in which you can know a general history of the viruses, evolution of the antivirus software. A definition to the virus, types of viruses, the most common methods or techniques employ.In chapter 3 Literature Review, shows the research and suss out of some selected papers or literature that I found elicit about w antivirus software. In this chapter, there is research in which some antivirus products, techniques and algorithms compared according to the developments in the recent cartridge holders.Chapter 4 Experimentation part of the thesis where the comparison of different commercial antivirus products based on their efficiency to detect a virus is shown and also the results are based on morose positives, false negatives and hit ratios shown by each antivirus product.Chapter 5 Conclusion concludes the thesis summarizing research and experimentation done on antivirus products.Appendix holds relevant information about the undefined key words or frameworks apply in this thesis.Chapter 2 OverviewThis chapter gives general information about the viruses and antivirus giving some basic informat ion about the virus history and when the antivirus software evolved. There different types of viruses and are classified according to the attacking features. This chapter will lead to break in understanding of the techniques utilise by the antivirus products and also gives you basic knowledge about different antivirus products.2.1 History of VirusesThe computer virus is a course of instruction that copies itself to the computer without user permission and infects the establishment (Vinod et al. 2009). Virus basically means an transmission system which can be of many types of malware which include worms, trojan horses, rootkits, spyware and adware.The first work on computer programs was done by John Von Neumann in 1949 (wiki 2010). In his work he suggested that a computer program (the line virus was still not invented) can self-re commence.The first virus was observed in early nineties which is Creeper virus. Creeper copies itself to other computers over a nedeucerk and show s messages on the infected simple machine IM THE CREEPER ginger snap ME IF YOU CAN. It was harmless(prenominal) but to catch the Creeper and stop it the Reaper was released.In 1974 Rab sec a program that spreads and multiples itself quickly and crashes the infected body after it reaches a certain limit or number of copies. In mid-eighties the virus named elk Cloner has infected many PCs. The Apple II computer which was released in 1977 loads its operating remains from the floppy disks, victimization these characteristics the Elk Cloner installed itself to the boot sector of the floppy disk and was loaded already sooner the operating trunk.Brain was the first stealth IBM-compatible virus. This stealth virus hides itself from macrocosm know and when notice it attempts to read the infected boot sector and displays the first, uninfected data. In 1987 the most dangerous virus got into news was Vienna virus which was first to infect the .COM files. Whenever the infected file wa s called it infects the other .COM files in the alike directory. It was the first virus that was success blanket(a)y neutralized by Bernd Fix and which leads to the predilection of antivirus software. Then there were many viruses which were Cascade virus the first self-encrypting virus, Suriv Family virus which was a memory resident DOS file virus. Extremely dangerous virus was entropycrime virus which destructs FAT tables and cause loss of data. In 1990s there was Chameleon Virus, Concept virus and then CIH virus and in 2000s there were ILOVEYOU virus, My Doom Sasser. (Loebenberegr 2007)Vinod et al. 2009 defines computer virus as A program that infects other program by neutering them and their location such that a call to an infected program is a call to a possibly evolved, working(a) similar, copy of virus. To protect from the attacks, the antivirus software companies include many different methodologies for protect against the virus attacks.2.2 Virus DetectorsThe virus dete ctor scans the file or a program to break-dance whether file/program is malicious or benign. In this research there will be usage of some technical foul terms and undercover work methods which are defined below. The main goal for examination the file/program is to find for false positives, false negatives and hit ratio.(Vinod et. al. 2009) monstrous Positive This takes place when the scanner detects a non-infected file as a virus by error. They can be a waste of time and resources.False Negatives This occurs when the scanners fail to detect the virus in an infected files. inject Ratio This happens when the virus scanner scans the virus.Detections are based on 3 types of malware which areBasicIn basic type the malware attacks the program at the entry point as shown in the figure 2.2.1. The control is transferred to virus payload as the entry point itself is infected.Infected code main(prenominal) CodeEntryInfected by virusFigure 2.2.1 contend system by basic malware. (Vinod et al 2009)PolymorphicPolymorphic viruses are viruses which mutates by hiding the original code the virus consists of encrypted malware code on with decrypted unit. They create new mutants very time it is penalise. The figure 2.2.2 shows how the main code or original code is encrypted by infected file to produce a decrypted virus code.Virus CodeDecrypted CodeMain CodeEntry Encrypted by infected fileFigure 2.2.2 struggle system by polymorphous viruses. (Vinod et al 2009)MetamorphicMetamorphic viruses can reprogram themselves using some obfuscation techniques so that the new variants are not very(prenominal) as the original. It sees that the cutaneous sensess of the subsets are not same as the main set. approach pattern BVirus AForm AS1S2S3Figure 2.2.3 Attacking system by metamorphic viruses. (Vinod et al 2009)The above figure 2.2.3 shows that the original virus and form of that virus film different ghosts where s1, s2 s3 are different signature tunes.2.3 Detection Methods2.3.1 so upcon based sleuthingHere the scanners search for signatures which are sequence of bytes at heart the virus code and shows that the programs scanned are malicious. The signatures are actual easy if the ne cardinalrk bearing is identified. sense of touch based spying is based on pattern matching. The pattern matching techniques evolved from times when the operating system was DOS. The viruses then were parasitic in nature and used to attack the horde files and most common executable files. (Daniel, Sanok 2005)2.3.2 Heuristic based detective workHeuristics secernate a method of scanning a virus by evaluating the patterns of behaviors. It takes the calamity of the file or program being a virus by testing the uniqueness and behavior matching them to the database of the antivirus heuristic which contains number of indicators. It is stabilizing to discover those viruses which does not have signatures or hides their signatures. It is also helpful to detect the metamorphic viru ses (Daniel, Sanok 2005)2.3.3 Obfuscation TechniqueThis technique is used by the viruses to read an original program into virus program using some innovation functions which makes the virus program irreversible, performs comparably with original program and has the functions of the original program. This technique is used mainly by metamorphic and polymorphic viruses. (Daniel, Sanok 2005)Antivirus ProductsThere are many antivirus products available in the commercial market. Some of the most normally used antivirus products areMcAfeeG DataSymantecAvastKasperskyTrend MicroAVG billet DefenderNortonESET Nod32Chapter 3 Literature Review3.1 Antivirus workload videoA research done by (Derek, Mischa, David 2005) shows an antivirus software package takes many ranges of techniques to check whether the file is infected or not. But from the observations of (Derek, Mischa, David 2005) to best difference in the midst of some antivirus software packages compare the overheads introduced by the respective antivirus software during on-access execution.When outpouring antivirus software there is usage of two main warnings which areon-demand.on-access.On-demand involves the scanning of the user specified files where as on-access can be a b aim that checks the system-level and the user-level operations and scans when an event occurs.The paper discusses the behavior of four different anti-virus software packages which run on a Intel Pentium IV being installed with Windows XP Professional. Considering three different test scenariosA small executable file is copied from the CDROM to the hard disk. performance a calc.exeAnd also executing wordpad.exe.All these executable files are cartroad on the Windows XP Professional operating system. The antivirus packages used in this experiment were Cillin, F-Port, McAfee and Norton. The execution of the files are done using the before mentioned antivirus packages. Figure 3.1.1 shows the usage of these packages introduces some overheads during the execution which increases the time of execution.Fig 3.1.1 Performance degradation of antivirus packages (Derek, Mischa, David 2005)Then a test was made to know about the extra instructions executed when the file system operations is performed and also when loading and executing a binary. Taking the both scenarios a small binary of very less size is involved. It is found that the execution is dominated by some longing basic blocks in each antivirus package. A basic block is considered zealous if it is visited more than fifty thousand times.To detect the behavior of antivirus software packages the (Derek, Mischa, David 2005) used the platform which was majorly targeted by the virus attacks and also must have the existence of some of the commercial antivirus software. A framework of simulator is introduced here called Virustech Simics this has architectural building as shown in table 3.1.1. Virustech Simics is a simulator that includes a cycle-accurate micro-architectura l model and used to get cycle-accurate performance numbers.Table 3.1.1 Virustech Simics architectural structures (Derek, Mischa, David 2005) mainframe ModelProcessor Operating FrequencyL1 Trace squirrel awayL1 Data accumulateL2 CacheMain MemoryIntel Pentium 4 2.0A2GHz12K entry8KB512KB256MBThe goal behind the model is to confine the execution of antivirus software on a system. To achieve metrics the stream executed is passed to the simulator. To simulate the micro-processor, simics are configured. The host (simulator) executes the operating system loaded via simulated hard drive. On top of the operating system the researchers have installed and run the antivirus software and also the test scenarios are interpreted (see figure 3.1.2). After this the comparison is done between the baseline pattern execution (without the antivirus software installed) and the systems that are installed with four different antivirus packages.L2 Cache likeness/execute processAntivirus ProcessL1 Inst Ca cheL1 data CacheOperating System (Windows XP)Inst StreamSimulate micro-architectureSimulated architectureHOSTFig 3.1.2 Multi Level architectural Micro Architectural manakin milieu(Derek, Mischa, and David 2005)The table 3.1.2 shows the summary of five configurations. For each experiment an mountain range file is created and loaded as a CDROM in the machine. The execution of the emolument (contains special instructions) at the start and end of each collection was done in order to assist accurate profile collection.Table 3.1.2 quintet environments evaluated Base has no antivirus software racetrack (Derek, Mischa, David 2005)ConfigurationAnti-Virus edition stochastic variableBaseNAVPC-CillinMcAfeeF-PortNorton Anti-Virus Professional 2004Trend Micro Internet SecurityMcAfee Virus scan professionalF-Port Antivirus for windows10.0.0.10911.0.0.12538.0.203.14bThe three different operations invoke anti-virus scanning. In first, a file from the CDROM to the hard drive was copied, and then the operating system accessories calculator and wordpad are run accessing through a shortcut. After experimentation it is found that there is less than one percent difference in the work load parameters throughout the profile runs.Then on doing the antivirus characterization it is seen that there is a gradual increase in the cache action mechanism which shows that the overheads released is smallest for F-Port and highest for Norton. The impact on memory while running the antivirus software shows that Norton and McAfee have larger footprints that the Base case, F-Port Cillin.3.2 Development techniques a framework showing malware detection using faction of techniquesThere are several developments in techniques used by antivirus software. These techniques must be able to detect viruses which were not detected by previous techniques and this is what we say a development in technique. Antivirus software not sole(prenominal) does detect a virus but also worms, Trojan horses, spyw are and other malicious codes which constitute malware. Malware is a code or a program which intents to damage the computer with its malicious code.We can tense up malware by use of specific antivirus software that installs detection techniques and algorithms. Several commercial antivirus programs uses a common technique called signature-based matching this technique must be often updated to store new malware signatures in virus dictionary. As the applied science advances plenty of malware writers aim to employ better hiding techniques, importantly rootkits became a security issue because of its higher hiding ability.There is a development of many new detection methods which are used to detect malware, machine subscribe toing technique and data mining technique. In this research Zolkipli, M.F. Jantan, A.,2010 have proposed a new framework to detect malware for which there is a combination of two techniques signature based technique and machine learning technique. This framework h as three main sections which are signature-based detection, genetic algorithm based detection signature generator.Zolkipli, M.F. Jantan, A., 2010 defines malware as the software that performs actions intended by an attacker without live with of the owner when executed. Every malware has precise individuality, goal attack and transmission method. accord to Zolkipli, M.F. Jantan, A., 2010 virus is that malware, which when executed tries to replicate itself into other executable code within a host. What so ever, as technology advances creating malware became sophisticated and extensively modify since early days.Signature-based matching technique is most common approach to detect malware, this technique works by contrasting file content with the signature by using an approach called chain of mountains scan that search for pre-defined bit patterns. There are some limitations which un neutralizeably to be solved to this technique though it is popular and very reliable for host-based security tool. The problem with signature-based matching technique I it fails to detect zero-day virus attack or zero-day malware attack. Zero-day malware attack are also called new launch malware. To store and capture a new virus pattern for upcoming use, some number of computers pick outs to be infected.Figure 3.2.1 shows an automatic malware removal and system repair was highly-developed by F.Hsu et al. 2006 which has three important parts such as monitoring device, a logger, and a recovery element.The framework solves two problemsDetermines the un-trusted program that breaks the system integrity.remotion of un-trusted programUntrusted ProcessTrusted ProcessLoggerRecovery agentMonitorOperating SystemFigure 3.2.1 Framework for monitoring, logging recovery by F.Hsu et al. 2006The framework is used to monitor and enter logs of the un-trusted program. This framework is fit of defending known and unknown malware, though it does not need any prior information of the un-trusted pr ograms. And from the user side there is no need of modifying any current programs and need not observe that the program is running in the framework as the framework is invisible to both known and unknown malware. A sample of this framework was used on the windows environment and shows that all the malware changes can be detected compared to the commercial tools which use the signature based technique.Machine learning algorithm was tested and applied on the malware detection technique. In order to classify the signature-based technique limitations that particular technique was using an adaptive data compression. The two restrictions of signature-based technique according to Zolkipli, M.F. Jantan, A., 2010 areIt is not compulsory that all malicious programs have bit patterns which are proof of their malicious nature and are also not put down in virus dictionaries.Many forms of bit patterns are taken by obfuscated malware that will not work on signature-based technique.Genetic Algorit hm (GA) takes the full advantage of system limitations that are used to detect zero day malware or the day malware was launched. The algorithm was used to develop a detection technique called IMAD that analyzes the new malware. To oppose the restrictions of signature-based detection technique this technique has been developed.Data mining is another technique which was applied on malware detection such(prenominal) before. The standard data mining algorithm classifies every block file content as normal or used to categorize potentially the malware. To defeat the limitations of signature-based antivirus programs an Intelligent Malware Detection System known as IMDS was developed. This system used Object Oriented Association which adapts OOA_Fast_FPGrowth algorithm. A complete experimentation on windows API file sequence was done which re called PE files. The huge accumulation of PE files was taken from the King Soft Corporation antivirus laboratory which is used to compare many malwa re detection approaches. The results show that IMDS system shows the best results than Norton and McAfee. The proposed framework has two techniques combined which are signature-based technique and GA technique. It was designed to resolve two challenges of malware detections.How to detect saucily launched malware (Zolkipli, M.F. Jantan, A., 2010)How to generate signature from infected file (Zolkipli, M.F. Jantan, A., 2010)Signature GeneratorS-Based DetectionGA DetectionFigure 3.2.2 Framework for malware detection technique (Zolkipli, M.F. Jantan, A., 2010)The main components are s-based detection, s-based generator and GA detection(see figure 3.2.2). The s-based detection acts first in defending the malware, then GA detection is the blurb layer which is another self-denial layer that is used to detect newly launched malware. After creating the new signature from zero-day malware these signatures are used by signature based detection technique.Signature based detection is a frozen examining method used on every antivirus product. This is also called a unchanging analysis method. This decides whether the code is malicious or not by using its malware characterization. This technique is sometimes also called scan strings. In general every malware has one or more patterns of signature which has unique characters. Antivirus software searches through data stream bytes, when a program is executed. Database of antivirus software has thousands of signatures it scans through each signature comparing it with the program code which is executed. For comparing purposes searching algorithm is used, the comparison is usually between program code content with the signature database. The Zolkipli, M.F. Jantan, A., 2010 chooses this technique at the startle of the framework because of its effective detection of well known viruses. This technique was used in this framework in order to develop the competence of computer operation.G.A detection technique is one of the most popu lar technique that is used to detect newly launched malware. This is used to learn approaches to resolve algebraic or statistical research problems. This is a machine learning technique which applies genetic programming that learns a evolving population. Chromosomes are used for data representation which is used in this algorithm, chromosomes are bit string values, new chromosomes are developed from a bit string combinations from exist chromosomes. Basing the nature of the problem the solution for the problem is given. Crossover and mutation are 2 types of basic operations in GA, to solve the issues concerned with polymorphic viruses and new types of malware this technique was introduced in this framework. By using this technique codes of malware using hidden technique can also be detected which only because of its learning and filtering aspects of virus behavior.( Zolkipli, M.F. Jantan, A., 2010)S-based generator generate string patterns are used by signatures which are used to ch aracterize and identify the viruses. Forensic experts started creating signatures once a new virus sample is found, based on the virus behavior these signatures are created. All the antivirus products creates their own signatures and accessing records they are encrypted in case there are more than one antivirus software installed on the computer. As soon as a signature is created the signature database is updated with it. Every computer user requires updating the antivirus product with the database in order to defense against the new viruses. Signature pattern is 16 bytes and to detect 16 bit virus 16 bytes is more than enough.( Zolkipli, M.F. Jantan, A., 2010)This generator takes the behavior of virus which identified by the GA detection. The signature pattern of the virus is generated and is added to virus database as a new signature for the signature based detection. To replace the forensic experts lying-in this framework was proposed. This creation of framework was lot useful i n notice the new virus signature, and to improve the efficiency and performance of the computer.3.3 Improving induce of signature scanners using BMH algorithm.This paper discusses about the problem of detecting viruses using signature scanning method that relies on fast pattern matching algorithm So basically in this technique the pattern is a virus signature which is searched for anywhere in the file. This algorithm is an expensive caper which affects the performance ghostly. Many users may find it impatient if the pattern matching algorithm does not work fast and consumes lot of time. So to avoid this faster pattern matching algorithm is used to the scanner which is Boyer-Moore Horspool algorithm when compare d to Boyer-Moore algorithm and Turbo Boyer Moore algorithm proved to be the smart pattern matching algorithm.In technical terms, a virus has three parts which are trigger, infection mechanism and payload. The main mechanism which is infection mechanism part actually loo ks for fatalities and frequently avoids multiple infections. After feeling for fatalities it might overwrite the fatalities or can attach itself at the beginning of the file or at the end of the fle. Trigger is actually a event which specifies when the payload has to be executed. The payload is the foundation of malicious behavior which actually can be corruption of boot sector or manipulating files.To detect a virus and to disinfect the infected file are two most important tasks of algorithms used by antivirus software. So defense system code of the algorithm must have a part that is able to detect any type of virus code.There are four types of basic detection techniques.Integrity CheckingSignature Scanningnatural process MonitoringHeuristic Method.Integrity checking techniqueThis program gives checker codes that can be checksums, CRCs or hashes of files that are used to check viruses. Regularly the checksum are re-computed and is compared against the previous checksums. In case t he two checksums does not match it is indicated that the file is infected since the file is modified. This technique detects the virus presence by detecting the change in files and also is capable to detect new or unknown viruses. But this technique has several drawbacks. Firstly, the primary checksum calculation has to be performed on a virus less clean system so the technique can never detect viruses if system is infected. Secondly there are lots of false positives if the system is modified during execution. (Sunitha Kanaujiya, et., al 2010)Signature scanning techniqueThis technique is used on large outperform to detect virus. This reads data from a system and to that it applies pattern matching algorithm to list of existing virus patterns in case it matches with the existing patterns it is a virus. This scanning technique is effective but the pattern database needs frequent updating which is very easy. There are several advantages of this scanner one of it is the scanning speed for this technique can be increased, it can also be used to detect other types of malicious programs like Trojan horses, worms, logic bombs, etc. So mainly for the virus it is only signature of the virus which is needed and update it to the database. This technique is used on many viruses due to this reason.Activity monitoring techniqueThis technique is used to monitor the behavior of programs executed by some other programs these monitoring programs are known as behavior monitor and they stay in main memory. The behavior monitors alarms or do some action to prevent the program when it tries to do some unusual activities like interrupting tables, partition tables or boot sectors. The database maintains every virus behavior that is supposed to be. The main disadvantage is when the new virus uses another infecting method that is not in the database and in this scenario conclusion virus is helpless. Secondly viruses avoid defense by activating introductory in the boot sequence prior to the behavior monitors. And also viruses modify the monitors

Cultural Diversity in the Workplace Essay

heathen smorgasbord in the Workplace EssaypresentationThe worlds increasing globalization requires more(prenominal) moveion among plurality from divers(a) husbandrys, beliefs, and backgrounds than forever before. People no longer live and work in an parochial marketplace they argon now part of a worldwide delivery with competition coming from nearly every(prenominal) continent. For this reason, profit and non-profit establishments need assortment to become more creative and open to permute. Maximizing and capitalizing on employment variation has become an grand issue for perplexity today.Human resourcefulness help is on managing people within the employer-employee relationship. This involves the productive use of people in achieving the presidencys strategic objectives and the satisfaction of person employee ineluctably.Where its objective is to measure scrape to be achieved within a certain time frame. form man get onment is man ripenment initiated, rather th an required by law. This involved in desegregation non-traditional employees ( much(prenominal) as women and minorities) into the work force and using their mutation to the organizations competitive wages, as hygienic as considering other workforce re newfangledal characteristics that need to be intercommunicate to ensure fair and way outive utilization of employees. (Raymond J. Stone, 2008) variation in management includesCultural revolution is the alteration of military personnel societies or g redinesss in a special region, or in the world as a whole. (The term is besides approximatelytimes used to refer to multiculturalism within an organization. Management of cultural diversity has been suggested as the human resource strategy enabling the potent management of the workforce diversity created by demographical qualifys gener completelyy in the late mid-eighties and the early 1990s. Retrieved from Oya Aytemiz Seymen(2006), according to Fleury (1999) explains cultu ral diversity management as an organisational answer or reaction to the need for competitiveness and to the increasing variety of the workforce. In the same resource, it has been stated that management of cultural diversity implies a holistic focus in order to create an organisational milieu that brooks altogether the employees to reach their full potential in pursuing the organizational goals.Gender diversity content the semblance of males to females in the body of work. It is a more take down distribution or is the employee pool composed of close toly males or just astir(predicate)ly females. This lowlife dumbfound an effect on how people interact and be moderate with one another in the body of work and would trespass destination and social environment. Similarly other demographics such as population, racial characteristics and such all contribute to the work environment. According to Kochan et al., 2003, organizations ar imageing that racial and sexual urge diversity, if managed well, whitethorn even fire performance(retrieved from Luis L. Martins and Charles K. Parsons,2007). Researchers have proposed that a greater organizational emphasis on gender diversity management programs depart have a positive effect on organizational attraction among women, as women atomic number 18 the intended beneficiaries of the programs (Luis L. Martins and Charles K. Parsons,2007)Age diversity means the proportion of aged people work in the workplace. Age diversity was similarly positively correlated with health disordersbut only in groups working on routine decision-making tasks. Gender composition also had a significant effect on group performance, such that groups with a highschool proportion of female employees performed worse and reported more health disorders than did gender- versatile teams. As expected, effects of gender composition were most pronounced in large groups. make of age diversity were found when controlling for gender diversi ty and vice versa. Thus, age and gender diversity seem to play a unique component in performance and well-being. The moderating role of task complexity for some(prenominal) effects of age diversity and the moderating role of group coat for both effects of gender diversity further suggest that the impact of these 2 variables depends on different group processes.( Jurgen Wegge and Carla Roth, Barbara Neubach and Klaus-Helmut Schmidt Ruth Kanfer , 2008)Religious diversity is an important component of cultural diversity, which educators are now taking disadvantageously in their pedagogies. However, cultural diversity and religious diversity are very much evaluated sort of differently. In our society now, there is at least a polite and superficial consensus that cultural diversity is here to stay and may enrich life. Minimally, people realize that cultural, ethnic, and class superpatriotism create problems and are inappropriate, though they may be difficult to overcome. Regardin g religious diversity, quite a different evaluation is often employed. Many people value the heart that their religion is indeed superior to others and regard such religious chauvinism as a necessary component of religious commitment, or even a virtue to be cultivated among the faithful. In their official theologies, most religions have dealt with religious diversity only in a perfunctory or inadequate fashion. Frequently, religions have encouraged mutual hostility by teaching that foreign religions are not only different, but also demonic, or at least inferior. (Rita M. Gross(1999) retrieved from http//www.crosscurrents.org/gross.htm)BodyBenefits of Workplace DiversityAn organizations victor and competitiveness depends upon its ability to embrace diversity and realize the benefits. When organizations actively judge their handling of workplace diversity issues, develop and implement diversity plans, nine-fold benefits are reported such asIncreased adaptability administrations employing a diverse workforce can supply a greater variety of solutions to problems in service, sourcing, and allocation of resources. Employees from diverse backgrounds bring individual talents and experiences in suggesting ideas that are tractile in adapting to fluctuating markets and customer demands.Broader service range A diverse collection of skills and experiences (e.g. languages, cultural understanding) allows a company to provide service to customers on a global basis.Variety of viewpoints A diverse workforce that feels sluttish communicating varying points of view provides a larger pool of ideas and experiences. The organization can draw from that pool to meet business strategy needs and the needs of customers more in effect.More effective execution Companies that encourage workplace diversity inspire all of their employees to perform to their highest ability. Company-wide strategies can then be executed resulting in higher productivity, profit, and return on investm ent.Challenges of Workplace Diversity Taking full advantage of the benefits of diversity in the workplace is not without its contests. Some of those challenges areCommunication Perceptual, cultural and language barriers need to be overcome for diversity programs to succeed. Ineffective converse of key objectives results in confusion, omit of teamwork, and low morale.Resistance to change There are always employees who get out refuse to accept the fact that the social and cultural makeup of their workplace is changing. The weve always done it this way mentality silences invigorated ideas and inhibits progress.Implementation of diversity in the workplace policies This can be the overriding challenge to all diversity advocates. Armed with the results of employee assessments and research data, they moldinessiness build and implement a customized strategy to maximize the effects of workplace diversity for their ill-tempered organization. prosperous Management of Diversity in th e Workplace Diversity training only is not sufficient for your organizations diversity management plan. A strategy moldiness be created and implemented to create a farming of diversity that permeates every department and function of the organization. (Retrieved from http//www.diversityworking.com/employerZone/diversityManagement/?id=9)In preparing an organization to accept diversity, it is more important to change the corporate culture or to change structure of the organization. institution nicetyBasically, organizational culture is the personality of the organization. Culture is comprised of the assumptions, set, norms and tangible signs (artefacts) of organization members and their behaviors. Members of an organization soon come to champion the particular culture of an organization. Culture is one of those terms thats difficult to express distinctly, but everyone knows it when they sense it. For example, the culture of a large, for-profit corporation is quite different than that of a hospital which is quite different that that of a university. You can tell the culture of an organization by looking at the arrangement of furniture, what they brag about, what members wear, etc. similar to what you can use to get a sense of smell about someones personality.Corporate culture can be looked at as a system. Inputs include feedback from, e.g., society, professions, laws, stories, heroes, values on competition or service, etc. The process is based on our assumptions, values and norms, e.g., our values on money, time, facilities, space and people. Outputs or effects of our culture are, e.g., organizational behaviours, technologies, strategies, image, products, services, appearance, etc. (Retrieved from http//managementhelp.org/org_thry/culture/culture.htm)Identification with an organization is a furbish up sense of ones role in relation to the organization. When organizational members identify with their workplace, they unsex themselves in terms of the organ ization they internalize its mission, ideology, and values and they adopt its commonplace ways of doing things. Eventually the member may see him or herself-importance as an exemplar or microcosm of the organization. Organizational identification, in other words, suggests a feeling of oneness with the organization. Diversity makes open organizational culture more rich, and shrewdnesss and revolution more applicable to a wide range of contexts. High levels of identification with an organization can limit diversity by reducing communication competencies in the area of social perception skills, including the ability to pick up on the subtleties of social situations and adapt to them. This skill is essential in a cross cultural context. High levels of identification among employees can also levy a lack of organizational flexibility and creativity, over-conformity to organizational dictates, and tyrannical behaviour on the part of leaders. Highly-identified individuals could experi ence a lack of risk taking, loss of an independent self, and burnout. Redding indicates that a focus on high-performance goals in a context of trust and openness make it easier for employees to manage the ambiguity of gaining their sense of identity from shared visions rather than from a physical structure. Knowledge of self and openness in relation to shared goals create a safe zone in which people feel free to explore new ideas and new ways of approaching problem solving. (Retrieved from http//workplacewellness.blogspot.com/2005/08/identity-development-and.html)Organizational StructureDiversity is often viewed as a training program, limited to a human resources initiative focused on race and gender and separate from organizational change efforts. However, as the article describes, the definition of diversity is much broader, embrace primary, secondary, and tertiary dimensions that go beyond race and gender. The aim of diversity is to allow all individuals to contribute fully to t he success of the organization. Thus, integrating diversity and organizational change efforts can enhance the success of most types of organizational change. Organization development theory and principles can also add significantly to the outcomes of diversity initiatives through the effective use of contracts, assessments, action research methodology, and other tiny components.In the current competitive world, diversity and organization development must be partners in successful organizational change efforts. (Ginger Lapid-Bogda, Ph.D., 1998)The Contribution of diversity to organizationalIntegrating diversity and organizational change efforts can enhance the success of most types of organizational change. All major organizational change involves a cultural change, and a diversity effort is cultural change at its core. It requires an organization to search its collective soul and focus on essential aspects of its culture seminal values organizational demands for conformity in thoug ht, interpersonal style, and action power structure and power dynamics employee date and inclusion/exclusion issues, to name a few.Cultural DifferencesIn addition, most organizational changes involve diversity components. An organizational redesign, for example, may combine functions that have previously been separate, such as market and manufacturing. Certainly, marketing and manufacturing have ii distinct cultures and a successful redesign needs to pay attention to those cultural issues involved. Diversity offers both the perspective and the technology to deal with these intercultural issues, whether they are triggered by redesigns, mergers, or global expansions. When an organization is redesigned, some of its subsystems discover they have to transact a new form of business with new, unfamiliar partners. Naturally, they hook on that their established styles of doing business, their traditional practices, priorities, values, and methods, will be perfectly acceptable, perfectly functional. Thus, marketing is surprised when this assumption turns out to be invalid for manufacturing. Marketing assumes that its new partner, manufacturing, simply has not appreciated the benefits of changing and adapting to marketings traditional way of doing business. Thus, organizational redesign invariably leads to organizational conflict. A diversity perspective adds insight to the identification of and techniques for the management of such issues. Conflict, by definition, means that differences exist. These differences may be based on style, role, values, priorities, power, mental models and patterns of thinking, or culture. The diversity perspective of valuing and utilizing differences offers a positive framework from which to manage conflict. (Ginger Lapid-Bogda, Ph.D., 1998)Team EffectivenessTeam intensity level has even clearer diversity connections. For a team to develop and be effective, its members must find productive ways to both elicit and manage individual and s ubgroup differences. In any group development model, there is always some version of a storming stage fairly early in a groups development. The group must navigate this troublesome phase successfully to spring up toward more productive phases of development. Successful navigation cannot occur if differences are submerse or conformity is forced upon diverse members. To be effective means to acknowledge differences and to utilize them creatively to gain the teams objectives. (Ginger Lapid-Bogda, Ph.D., 1998)Organizational Cultural happy chanceIn the case of a complex organization change (for example, passing game from a production-driven to a marketing-driven focus or moving toward Total Quality), a fundamental shift in organizational culture must occur. A cultural change of this magnitude and complexity poses a major challenge for most organizations because of the ambiguity involved and the enormity of the task. An understanding of diversity enables organizations to find ways not to insist on conformity in a major change process, but to encourage employees to contribute, to take a recent look, and to continuously evolve. (Ginger Lapid-Bogda, Ph.D., 1998)Diversity oriented HRM policiesIt is the responsibility of the HR coach-and-four to drive the organizations ability to use provide efficiency and effectively to achieve strategic business objectives. The HR manager is also responsible for ensuring that all employees are rewarded fairly and equitably for their contributions to the organizations. Fair and equitable rewards not only includes fee and salaries, but also opportunities for training and career development and the provision of a work environment in which all workers are treated with respect. Ensuring that all employees are treated fairly and equitably is not only a matter of legal and ethical responsibility, but also recognises that employees who perceive that they are receiving unfair or inequitable treatment may be slight committees to the or ganization and thus may be less productive.The HR manager can achieve these outcomes byIdentifying the significant difference in their organizations workforce and in the labour market from which they draw employees.Exploring the potential advantages to be gained from hiring persons from particular groups.Identifying relevant diversity factors existing in the present workforce.Developing, implementing, monitoring and evaluating staff management practice that facilitate the ability of each employee to contribute effectively to the organization and to be rewarded appropriately.It is also the professional and business responsibility of the HR manager to establish audit measure that identify and quantify the advantage gained from diversity employment practice and that minimise the costs of diversity employment. (Raymond J. Stone, 2008)Diversity in management includesConclusionA diverse workforce is a notice of a changing world and marketplace. Diverse work teams bring high value to the organizations. Respecting individual differences will benefit the workplace by creating a competitive edge and increasing work productivity. Diversity management benefits associates by creating a fair and safe environment where everyone has access to opportunities and challenges. Management tools in a diverse workforce should be used to educate everyone about diversity and its issues, including laws and regulations. Most workplaces are made up of diverse cultures, so organizations need to learn how to adopt to be successful practices.ReferencesStone, Raymond J., (2008). Human resource management, 6th editionSeymen, Oya Aytemiz., (2006). The cultural diversity phenomenon in organisations and different approaches for effective cultural diversity management a literary reviewMartins, Luis L., Parsons, Charles K., (2007). Effects of Gender Diversity Management on Perceptions of Organizational Attractiveness The image of Individual Differences in Attitudes and BeliefsWegge, Jurgen., Rot h, Carla., Neubach, Barbara., Schmidt, Klaus-Helmut., Kanfer, Ruth., (2008). Age and Gender Diversity as Determinants of deed and Health in a Public Organization The Role of assess Complexity and Group SizeM. Gross, Rita., (1999). Religious Diversity Some Implications for Monotheism, retrieved from http//www.crosscurrents.org/gross.htmLapid-Bogda, Ginger, Ph.D., (1998). Diversity and Organizational Change, retrieved from http//www.bogda.com/articles/DiversityandOrgChange.pdfhttp//www.diversityworking.com/employerZone/diversityManagement/?id=9http//managementhelp.org/org_thry/culture/culture.htmhttp//workplacewellness.blogspot.com/2005/08/identity-development-and.htm

Water Rocket Dominant Modification Factors

weewee system rocket salad Dominant Modification F moorsBryan ConstonWater garden move ups tell the story of a wet launching period the liftoff, crown climax (apogee), and the momentous landing all ar viewed at an perceivers glance. Of course, well-nigh stories come tabu to be more affect and startling than others because of the ingredients. In a perfect physics world, about every missile could soar to its maximum potential. Truly this is not the case for the squargon world, where wind and weather could mean the difference in a piss-limited arugulas conquest or failure. Water may leak out of the rocket. The bottle may explode suddenly due to acerbic broadcast or the amount of pressure fixed in its frame. Though anything provoke hinder a rocket from its planned altitude, there ar ways through applying urine rocket knowledge to counteract it for replete(p) adding modifications to the rocket.As the question was answered about whether modifications to a two-liter bo ttle would be dear to flight altitudeit is absolutely necessarythe real question springs forrad What modifications can we use to a plastic bottle? There be countless variables regarding water rocket propulsion, such as how much water should be applied. Necessity is the mother of invention for designing water rockets, so with basic adjustments to the bottle rocket, testing the amelioratement would be much easier. Still, though, some modifications may hurt the condition of the rocket. For some(prenominal) pieces of a water rocket design, nifty and thoroughly examined modifications of fins, automobile horns, and the bottle itself pass on be a place factor in its success.In the livelihood of summer, water makes way for an dreadful experience water rocket launching. Feeding the excitement of several teachers, children, and p bents, water rockets fascinate schools and colleges with its handy demonstration of physics. The process of constructing a water rocket requires a little m ore than a bottle, prig fins, and a fanciful mindset. However, most participating in the mechanism would hope to watch the rockets as they send them skyward, as water rocket enthusiast Barbara Wolcott encourages (screen 1).How does this specialized journey of the rocketits propulsiontake place? There are always things to consider about constructing a rocket, for with everything there is ways to improve the rockets condition. The pounds per square inch (PSI) should be a level pressure for the water to cooperate with Newtons third lawfulness of opposite re meet, and the water needs to maintain a flow with the nozzleand so on. The launch depends on several variables and add-ons that would enhance the flight experience, such as nose cones. The most dominant components of the rocket launcherthe nozzles, fins, and bottleact as a major collective force for influencing the rockets successful propulsion, protection, and flight height.One of the most dominant modifications that should be make to all rockets is the nozzle. Brad Calvert claims that a good nozzle upraises rapid only when brief acceleration, at times lasting only a some hundredths of a second. (Calvert 5). A nozzle is simply a mechanical device used for controlling the fluid of the water rocket to allow it to fortify launching energy. While we may need fins, a durable bottle, and a dependable launcher, a rocket without a nozzle is one that will cause excessive fractures like leakages. Thrust, the rockets force of action amidst the water and the bottle, is generated primarily by the nozzle. Truly, the big factor is the nozzle type. Restricted nozzles provide longer flight duration, while an open get along nozzle allows it nearly any time to pressurize, thus creating a puzzle for some launching tubes.. Also, nozzles depend on length and diameter. For instance, a proficient bore bottle is the standard neck opening of a front-runner bottle that is 22 mm long. Other modified nozzles include a Gard ena nozzle with quick connectors or a Maxi-Flo nozzle with a erect aperture. With these nozzles, the propulsion depends on the nozzle size larger nozzles run the gamble of leakage, thus weakening any chance of a high altitude. A modified nozzle is an excellent start towards a high-quality rocket.Even a bare bottle can launch off, but countless avenues of error could easily tamper the flight as a whole. This because rockets follow the rules of silken stability. According to Brad Calvert, the stability of the water rocket depends on the conterminous dominant factor fins. With overly restricted nozzles, larger fins at the rockets rear are required to counteract the turning forces created at the front (Calvert 6). Without fins, the rocket cannot balance its load end to end, ruining any chance at a successful air travel. Moreover, if the fins are to be the power of stability, then they must be used correctly. at a time the fins drag is minimized, they do all the necessary flight work by giving the rocket a nice, straight flight ( often the flight will fall nose down as well). Fins make for the most grievous modification as far as gum elastic goes. Without them, the rocket could ricochet somewhere and cause bodily injury to bystanders.Fins come in legion(predicate) sizes and shapes, and light tape works great as an adhesive. The ultimate finish of fin construction is minimizing the drag they create by keeping them lower-ranking and thin. Manilla folders, soft cardboard, and other sturdy materials would work for fins effectively. A rounded fin may be the easiest way to achieve stability with a restricted nozzle rocket (Calvert 7). Truly, the fins embody a powerhouse for the stability and convenience of a bottle rocket.The classification of the bottle is critical to the success of the flight also determining the brand, weight, and dimensions play collectively among other factors to produce the greatest apogee. As water forces out of the rear, the rockets weight slowly decreases as a function of time. The air shoving the water forces twain the water and air outside the nozzle and creates a force that is represent in magnitude but opposite in direction, propelling the rocket upwards. This would not work effectively without an evaluation of the weight.Adding weight should be a cautionthe lower the rocket weight with a constant water supply, the better launch. Extra mass should be attached to precise areas (such as fins should be placed lower on a larger rocket) for a balanced center of mass. Lightweight adhesives should be applied, but no hot glue should be used as it rips through and softens the bottles plastic frame. Using additional water should be a business enterprise as well.. As king of beasts Singleton put it in his Bottle Rocket Handbook, water is thrust, but it also adds excess weight (Singleton 16-17). Balancing between thrust and weight is the high hat option. Usually 50% of the rocket should be filled with water, rega rdless of dimensions.Most people would of course use a two liter bottle for a water rocket base. This brings a higher concern for the fins shape. A two liter bottle has a relatively small distance end to end but a relatively large diameter compared to other successful rocket bottles. It is often said that long and thin water rockets are easier to make horse barn than short and fat ones (Water- Rockets Science for Hobbyist, Students, and Teachers of All Ages 1). This would be explained through several simulations showing a trend in rocket length and apogee, with increase length without other modifications. Usually, the water rocket length will be manpower for the flight height, bringing positive correlation to the rockets trajectory.Also, the bottles brand would need to be carefully observed. several(prenominal) experiments from multiple expert rocket launchers, including research done at college sites, assume that generic bottles cause more excessive leaking than brand name bottles . news leak greatly reduces flight command, and bottles like Dr. Thunder and Mountain Lightning were shown to leak gobs of water (sometimes to its entirety) due to a larger nozzle opening. Its best to use bottles that are made to contain carbonated drinks, for other bottles are not made to cope with the pressure used. Broken bottles should never be used. They are easier to explode randomly, so making sure the bottle is smashed to the touch and durable is a sure way to increase safety to launching.Undoubtedly, the main factors that would make or break a water rockets success would be the fins, the nozzle, and the bottle type. The fins act as a buffer for any unstableness and lower the chances of a crash-worthy bottle. Even more, the nozzle plays the role of controlling the ignition of the rocket. The dominator of the rocketits bottle frameis the primer for the concept of water rocket launching. For several water rocket enthusiasts, kickoff with these modifications would make the best of any experiment of water rocket propulsion and the physics behind it.Works CitedCalvert, Brad. Water Rocket Book. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 June 2014.Singleton IV, Leo C. Bottle Rocket Handbook. N.p., 2001. Web. 27 Jan. 2015.Welcome. Water-rockets Science for Hobbyist, Students, and Teachers of All Ages. N.p., 1997.Web. 06 Feb. 2015.Wolcott, Barbara. ReadySetLaunch Scouting Magazine. son Scouts of America, 2006.Web. 25 Jan. 2015.

Features of C++ in programming

Features of C++ in political programingAns1. Unique features of C++ Encapsulation It is the process of combining selective information and services into a whizz unit callight-emitting diode class. Using the method of encapsulation, the programmer shadownot directly access the data rather data is accessible through the mappings present inside the class. It led to the big concept of data hiding.Abstraction It is one of the most sinewy and vital features provided by object-oriented C++ programming language. The main idea do-nothing data abstraction is to give a clear separation amongst properties of datatype and the associated implementation details.Polymorphism It is the ability to use an operator or lead in different ways. Poly, referring to many uses of these operators and functions. A single function example or an operator functioning in many ways sewer be called polymorphism.Inheritance It is the process by which new classes called derived classes are created from be classes called base classes. The derived classes have all the features of the base class and the programmer can choose to add new features specific to the newly created derived classes.C++ soften than CStronger typing the type system in C++ is stronger than in C. This prevents many common programming errors coupled with the next very important feature, the stronger type system even manages not be an inconvenience.A bigger standard library C++ allows the full use of the standard library. It includes the regulation Template Library.Parameterized types the template keyword allows the programmer to write generic implementations of algorithms.Data and methods to thin the data act as one entity i.e. by the usage of classes. constraining scope of data i.e. by using private/public variables.Constructors and destructors for be default behaviour of entities.Ques2. Demonstrate the use of Inline Functions and Function Overloading.Ans2. An Inline function is a function that is expanded in l ine when it is invoked. This kind of function is utilize to save the memory space which becomes appreciable when a function is probably to be called a number of times. It is used to eliminate the cost of calls to delicate functions. Normally, a function call transfers the control from the calling program to the function and after the execution of the program returns the control back to the calling program after the function call but in inline function, when the program is compiled, the enactment present in the function body is replaced in place of the function call.Syntaxinline datatype function_name(arguments)function bodyExampleincludeincludeinline tout mul(float x, float y)return (x*y)inline double div(double p, double q)return (p/q)int main()clrscr()float a= 12.345float b= 9.82cout

World Ward II Essay -- History, The Good War

the Statesns often refer to World War II as being the Good War. Americans call World War II the Good War because Americans believe the United States entered the war for the terrific purposes of fend for its self and freedom. Americans also refer to World War II as the Good War because it was a war that required Americans to work unneurotic so the country could defeat the Axis powers. Because the United States entered the war for noble purposes, and because Americans everywhere helped the country win the war, the Good War is an becharm surname to describe World War II.Under Benito Mussolini, Italy had conquered the country of Ethiopia (Foner 800). Under Adolf Hitler, Ger more had interpreted watch over most of Europe (Foner 802). While Italy, had taken get wind of Ethiopia and Germany had taken control over most of Europe, Japan had taken control of Burma, Siam, the Dutch East Indies, Guam, the Philippines, and other Pacific islands (Foner 804). In 1931, Japan invaded the Chine se providence of Manchuria (Foner 799). As Japanese troops moved deeper into China, they overran the Chinese metropolis of Nanjing, and killed an estimated 300,000 prisoners of war and civilians (Foner 799). On December 7, 1941, Japan launched an attack on the nautical base of Pearl Harbor this surprise attack was responsible for the close of 2,000 American servicemen (Foner 804). Towards the end of the war Hitler embarked on the final solution, which was the cumulus extermination of Slavs, gypsies, homosexuals, and six million Jews that would be come to known as the Holocaust (Foner 807). Because the Axis powers conquered so much territory and killed so many people, America engagement against the Axis powers has been viewed by Americans war fought between the fo... ...is an appropriate appellation for the war. During the war, America imprisoned Japanese Americans and denied them their rights as American citizens. During the war, America bombed the cities of Dresden, Tokyo, Hiro shima, and Nagasaki these bombings were responsible for the deaths of hundreds of thousands of civilians. While I do believe that America was fighting enemies that had commit worst acts than the Allies, the United States had no right to deny American rights of court hearings, due process, and writs of habeas corpus to American citizens. America also had no right to bomb cities with the purpose of killing civilians in an attempt to adulterate the enemies. Certainly the Allies were better than the Axis powers, but the war crimes committed by America cannot be ignored, and because these crimes were committed, World War II cannot be called the good war.

growing up and loathing it :: essays research papers fc

Growing Up and Loathing ItAlienation can be interpreted as loneliness caused by the lack of understanding of others, and whitethorn be caused by oneself or inflicted upon by another. During teenage years, boys are particularly susceptible to the anguish felt as a result of alienation. Jerry Renault, the booster shot of the Chocolate War, is encumbered by both the alienation imposed upon himself, and that which is overburdened upon him by a secret society known as the Vigils. The backstop in the Rye introduces Holden Caufield who has segregated himself from all but a hardly a(prenominal) of those surrounding him, and is deeply troubled by this. The alienation wrought by Caufields awkward ascension into adulthood is manifested in his fallacious attempts to nervelessly interact with others. Because of their ages, Jerry and Holden feel threatened by the individuals whom they would normally associate themselves. This determent spurs the alienation and loneliness felt by Jerry Renaul t and Holden Caufield. Jerry Renault, an average teenager, has an issue with faith that lures him to doubt himself, and thus alienate himself from his peers. Because Renault has low self-esteem and feels little influence from his classmates, he refuses to sell chocolates like every other kid in school(Cormier 66). He lacks the school spirit that others posses because he is excluded from them in his head. This reinforces Renaults lack of influence felt as a result of others, and shows the circumstance that he is indeed alienated. In addition, after he refuses to sell the chocolates and is shunned by his classmates, he feels invisible(163). Jerry causes this himself, for his actions alone influence the entire student personify to dissociate him from their ranks. Jerry who is suddenly forced to come to terms with the situation, instead, separates himself from his former peers charge further. Also, even when the students realize that Renault is some kind of rebel hero, he refuses to answer to them and continues his self-imposed alienation (175). Jerry Renault, who at this point has lost all go for of being a normal student, continues his assault on all of that which he would hold dear. If it would not have been for his minuscule sense of self-esteem, he would not alienate himself from the rest of the student body. Jerrys alienation from all the mountain that he would normally embrace has caused him mental and physical hardship concerning the interactions with others.

Joy Luck Club - The Struggles of Life :: essays papers

cheer good deal Club - The Struggles of LifeA giant total has been assessed onto an assignment. The team has spentweeks of preparation. In moments the presentation of this chthonicstand willcommence. But, some team members arent ready. The whole projectcrumbles and ultimately results in a failure. Disciplined workers haveno control over it, however they must(prenominal) over get it on this obstacle. Only this waycan they become better(p) people and know how to handle similar situationsin the future. People must overcome hardships to have strongerpersonalities, just like the women in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club.People learn from their mistakes. For Suyuan Woo, she over packed andfailed to make it to a balance area. aft(prenominal) a while, she left thesuitcases behind, keeping only the food and a few clothes. And latershe also dropped the bags of wheat flour and rice . (p. 324). Afterleaving all this, she continued, but she was already as well fatigued to whirl anymore. Her e nergy was burned up from her body, like fossil fuelfrom the Earth. Finally, too much was used. She lettered that no onecould ever take everything with them. They must make sacrifices tosurvive. An-mei Hsu survived a great hardship, like when hot soup parched her young neck, leaving her with a scar. I could not speakbecause of this severe choking feeling. I could not see because ofall the tears that poured come on to wash away the pain. (p. 39). Hertender skin survived the intense heat, and her character developed.When she was older, another(prenominal) crisis erupted when her mother killedherself with opium. At this point, Wu-Tsings house was nothing, only ahive of polygamy. From this, she larn that she could gain respectthat her mother could never fully achieved. And on that day, I showedSecond Wife the fake pearl necklace she had given me and crushed itunder my foot. And on that day, Second Wifes hair began to turn white.And on that day, I learned to shout. (p. 272). She resi sted, andrefused to succumb to the pressures in her life. Planned marriageswere a common practice when the Joy Luck mothers were still young. Forinstance, when Lindo was 12, she was forced to marry into a very vulgarfamily. From it, she learned patience. Soon, after her marriage, shelonged to be free again. On the morning of that day, I woke up Tyan-Yuand the entire house with my wailing. It took Huang Taitai a long timeto come into my room.

Suicide :: essays research papers

self-annihilation...     I once had a boyfriend, who was severly depressed, and became suicidal. The act of his nerve-wracking to commit suicide broke my heart, and his families. I decided to write my composing about how to help someone who is sucidal and how to spot the signs, if there are any. In the last 45 years suicide rates have increase by 60% worldwide. Suicide is now among the three leading causes of last among those aged 15-44 (both sexes). Suicide attempts are up to 20 times much frequent than completed suicides.1Everyone feels sad at some point its moreover natural. But what doctors call clinical depression is very different from exclusively being "down in the dumps." The main difference is that the sad or empty mood doesnt go away after a lucifer of weeks, and everyday activities like sleeping, socializing or working can be affected.     Suicide is a general term encompassing all types of suicidal behavior, inclu ding thoughts about suicide, suicidal "chatter" or threats, deliberate self-harm , and suicide itself. Suicide is an intentional taking of ones own life. It combines a wish to be unwarranted with the action that carries out that wish. A checklist used to determine whether a demolition is suicide include(1) They initiate their death(2)the desire to be self-destructive(3) the loss of will to live(4) the motivation to be dead or to die     There are some certain signs to watch for,as well, if you deliberate that someone might be considering Suicide. They are as follow      heighten Depression. A depressed person, who withdrawls from friends and family, and doesnt seem to be getting any "happier"      final examination Arrangements     Risk Taking or Self-Destructive Behaviors      Pre-Suicidal Statements. Direct or substantiating statements about suicide, hopelessness or death, even when said in a joking or off hand manner.

Thomas Paine :: essays research papers

Library Historical Documents Thomas Paine Rights Of Man fibre The First--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Order The Rights of Man now.Part The FirstBeing An result To Mr. Burkes Attack On The French renewing--------------------------------------------------------------------------------George WashingtonPRESIDENT OF THE coupled STATES OF AMERICASIR,I present you a small treatise in defending team of those principles of freedom which your exemplary virtue hath so eminently contributed to establish. That the Rights of Man whitethorn become as universal as your benevolence can privation, and that you whitethorn enjoy the happiness of seeing the New World regenerate the Old, is the requester ofSIR,Your much obliged, andObedient humble Servant,THOMAS PAINE--------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Authors Preface to the English interlingual renditionFrom the part Mr. Burke took in the American Re volution, it was natural that I should cast him a friend to mankind and as our acquaintance commenced on that ground, it would brace been more agreeable to me to have had cause to continue in that faith than to change it.At the time Mr. Burke made his violent talk last winter in the English Parliament against the French Revolution and the National Assembly, I was in Paris, and had written to him but a compendious time before to inform him how prosperously matters were going on. Soon after this I saw his advertisement of the Pamphlet he intended to report As the attack was to be made in a diction but little studied, and less understood in France, and as everything suffers by translation, I promised near of the friends of the Revolution in that country that whenever Mr. Burkes Pamphlet came forth, I would answer it. This appeared to me the more necessary to be done, when I saw the rank misrepresentations which Mr. Burkes Pamphlet contains and that while it is an outrageous ab use on the French Revolution, and the principles of Liberty, it is an delusion on the rest of the world.I am the more astonished and bilk at this conduct in Mr. Burke, as (from the circumstances I am going to mention) I had formed other expectations.I had seen enough of the miseries of war, to wish it might never more have existence in the world, and that some other mode might be found out to calm the differences that should occasionally arise in the neighbourhood of nations. This certainly might be done if Courts were disposed to set honesty about it, or if countries were instruct enough not to be made the dupes of Courts.

Battle of Iwo Jima :: essays research papers

Iwo Jima, Battle of, atomic number 53 of the virtually costly battles of the peaceable campaign of WWII, fought in February and March 1945 on the island of Iwo Jima. About 6800 U. S. force lost their lives in seizing the island from the Nipponese Japanese losses wereestimated at more than 21,000. The capture of the island provided American disperse units with the first base inner the Japanese inner-defense system from which to attack the inwardnessif industrial Japan with strong point bombers escorted by fighters.Before the actual infringement on February 19, the island was subjected to air and ocean bombing for three months. In antagonism of the preinvasion attack, some Japanese were still firmly entrenched in surreptitious fortifications in soft volcanic soil. The Marines secured the island after a month of the most severe fighting in their history. Mount Suribachi, thehighest point on the island and an key defense position, was captured on February23, 1945. The campaig n was officially declared ended on March 16.Iwo Jima, Battle of, one of the most costly battles of the Pacific campaign of WWII, fought in February and March 1945 on the island of Iwo Jima. About 6800 U. S.personnel lost their lives in seizing the island from the Japanese Japanese losses wereestimated at more than 21,000. The capture of the island provided American air units with the first base inside the Japanese inner-defense system from which to attack the heartif industrial Japan with medium bombers escorted by fighters.Before the actual invasion on February 19, the island was subjected to air and sea bombing for three months.

Student Protest :: Student Smoking

For long time it has been a hot topic. What push aside learners do and what can they not do? What is considered overtaking to far? For many this is a question that has no received and legal answer. To many scholars, that is. In fact I happen to be one of the many. Now it would be wrong for me to write this paper and not put in my two sense. In my opinion this student protest bullshit has no limit. Students should not be restricted to what they can and cannot do. They like everyone else are American citizens and should not have their rights as American citizens stripped from them when they enter a building teaching them alone well-nigh the rights they possess. To me that is the very hypocritical. To teach one thing, and practice another I blind drunk come on doesnt that come a cross as more than a tad bit wrong. There are a number of court cases that cover the matter of student protest. Like invariably though I choose not to follow the norm, if you will. I would oftentimes rather take you on a trip through my judgment and my opinions. As for student protest I am all for it. I would take it to the highest degree if it has to go that far. I see school as a place to come and socialize. The stuff that is taught is all boring to me. It everlastingly seems as if I already know what is going to be said. So what is the point? To go and get a diploma that in all actuality is nothing but a piece of paper that could easily be made by me. Perhaps that is why I get myself in so much trouble here. I am not the completely one students just get bored and try to heighten the training experience. Try to make it more fun for everyone. Even though in that location may be those who dont quite comprehend what is going on, they still enjoy the laughter. Who knows maybe they even learn a thing or two from the student that the obviously more intelligent instructor couldnt get them to understand. I am not saying that the student is smarter than the teacher but in some ca ses the yelling and screaming of a teacher to get through can be substituted by the sagacious sarcasm of the student.

Hostile Takeovers :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Hostile TakeoversA hostile egressover is defined as an acquirement of a trusty despite resistance by the target firms management and board of directors. This occurs when a stronger business absorbs another community against the target comp boths will. Hostile takeovers are most electric potential to occur when a firms stock is undervalued relative to its potential because of poor management. Generally, the managers of the targeted firm are fired. This gives managers a strong incentive to take actions designed to maximize stock prices. How do hostile takeovers impact business, government, and fraternity? Businesses, especially the targeted company, are greatly affected by hostile takeovers. anterior to takeovers, targeted companies are chastised by customers, competitors, and the communities in which they reside because of inadequate management, low or undervalued stock prices, etc. These takeovers are most likely to occur when a firms stock is undervalued relative to its potential because of poor leadership of the management team. Because of this, the managers of the targeted firm are generally fired after the jointure is complete. The government has been heavily involved with hostile takeovers, as well as horizontal and vertical mergers. The Sherman Antitrust spot of 1890 was presumably the first palpable act of government interference regarding takeovers. This act stated the following contribution 1 Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint or trade commerce among the some(prenominal) States, or with foreign nations, is hereby declared to be illegal. Section 2 Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerceshall be deemed guilty of a felonyThe antitrust laws that have followed the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 are as follows Clayton Act of 1914 Federal Trade Commi ssion Act of 1914 Robinson-Patman Act of 1936 Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust progression Act of 1976Hostile takeovers can also affect society. People in communities often become mixed up in merger battles when a target firm is a major employer that provides a towns economic livelihood. If the takeover of a major employer occurs, this could lead to very high gear unemployment, local business privation, etc. If you think that Kohlbert, Kravis and Roberts spent some interchange acquiring RJR Nabisco - $24 Billion think again.

Life Os Freud Essay -- essays research papers fc

Sigmund Freud is a name that to most of us sounds familiar. To many, he is cognize as the father of Psychology. He was one of the most influential figures in the twentieth century (B 430). His theories revolutionized the world, and he founded his own school of Psychology. Although some regarded his proceed with hostility and disbelieve, many people still follows his believes and teachings until this twenty-four hours (A). But what close to the man himself, his life, his family, his work and his studies? Next will find a brief story about him. Sigismund Scholomo Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia (this day its called Pribor in the Czech Republic) (A). Son of Jacob Freud and his third wife Amalia (which was 20 familys younger), he was the first of a family of seven children (A). When he was trio years old, fleeing from the anti-Semitic riots then raging in Freiberg, his family moved to Leipzig, Germany. A year later they moved again to Vienna, where he lived the re until the year prior to his death (1938)(C). Freud was extremely bright and ambitious. He changed his name to the abbreviation we all know him by in 1877 (B 430). Although Freuds ambition from childishness had been a career in law, he decided to become a medical student shortly before he entered Vienna University in 1873 (C). As a student, he began research work on the telephone exchange nervous system, guided by Ernst von Brucke (A). He graduated as a physician in 1881, and proved to be an outstanding physiological investigator (B 430). Early in his career, he was among the first to study a invigorated drug that had anesthetic and mood altering effects, know as cocaine. Although he discovered cocaines anesthetic properties, one of his colleagues received attribute for his work, thing that upset him a lot. And to increase his disappointment, his enthusiasm quickly fade when he realized that this new drug was addictive (D 522-523).Although he left(a) Freiberg as a young chi ld, escaping from the anti-Semitic movement, he still had to turn over with a lot of that bad acceptance in his new home. In Vienna, prospects for an academic career in scientific research were very unequal for a Jew. So he gave up physiological research for a private practice in neurology, specializing in nervous disorders (A, B 430). magic spell this was happening, Freud got married to Martha Bernays in 1886. The couple had six children, and the youngest one, A... ... daughter Anna was detained for questioning by the Gestapo, Freud decided to move his family to England (B 433). A year later, his cancer returned. This time it took its toll. Sigmund Freud died in England at the age of 83 (A). He created an entirely new blast to the understanding of human personality by his demonstration of the existence and eviscerate of the unconscious. Also, he founded a new medical discipline and formulated sanctioned therapeutic procedures that in modified form are applied astray in the p resent-day treatment of neuroses and psychoses. Although never accorded full recognition during his lifetime, Freud is by and large acknowledged as one of the great creative minds of modern times. Today, his bequest continues to influence psychology, philosophy, literature and art (B 432, C).Bibliography. - A.- Http//www.geocities.com/Eureka/Promenade/1919.B.- Psychology, second edition, by Hockenbury & Hockenbury.C.- Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2000D.- Adjustment & Growth in a Changing World, twenty percent edition, by Napoli, Kilbride and Tebbs.E.- Elementary Principles of Behavior, fourth edition, by Malott, Malott and Trojan.

Character Names in Joseph Helers Catch-22 Essay -- Joseph Heler Catch

Character Names in Joseph Helers Catch-22 Many characters in Joseph Helers Catch-22 do not have right-hand(a) names. Like the Texan, the soldier in white, and the soldier who saw everything twice, Natelys lady of pleasures squirt sister does not have a specific birth name. This namelesnes forces the reader to question her identity, her characteristics, and her economic consumption in the work in relation to other characters. As Natelys whores peasant sister, she is at least two degres of insulation away from a real name, a true identity. The reader is agonistic to consider this character first in relation to Nately and then as the kid sister of a whore who also wants a proper name. Every formulation of the kid sisters identity essential be filtered through these other characters. This distance from authentic identity makes her more than of an abstraction than a recognizable character. She is described as innocent, dependent, and pre-sexual. These qualities put her in di rect contrast with the corupt, immoral, and hedonistic characters that populate the pages of this novel. An examination of her name (or lack thereof), her behavior, and her interactions with and influence upon other characters in this novel show Natelys whores kid sister to be an embodiment of human ingenuousness and hopefu longing for a brighter future.Insight may be gained most well by breaking her name down into its component partskid and sister. Kid is a coloquialism for child. Her behavior is repeatedly described in terms that one would asociate with a child. She is easily appeased with a hug and some drinking chocolate ice cream. Her dependency and ned for atention can be seen in the way she tags on wherever Nately and his whore go and in her eforts to imitate her elders. Repeating what her ... ... and the understanding of joy he now feels for living. These feelings are inspired by the kid sister and the innocence and hopefulnes that she represents.In Catch-22, Heler pre sents the human spirit in contest with a contradictory world. The institutions that form the basis of societygovernment, commerce, religion fall in to provide the support neded for the mental, physical, and spiritual health of the species. Natelys whores kid sister can be sen as a incarnation of the wil to survive. In the kid sister, Heler presents an irepresible, eternal hope for the future of humankind. Despite the ravages of war, abuse, neglect, depravity, and brainsick capitalism the human soul continues to search for inspiration, for the innocent kid sister, for a way to the imposible shores of Sweden.Works CitedHeler, Joseph. Catch-22. 1955. New York Simon & Schuster, 1996.

The Digital Divide Essays -- essays papers

The Digital DivideAbstractAround the world 429 million the great unwashed are connected to the profit. Forty-one percent of those people can be found in North America. Although 429 million seems like a broad number it is only 6 percent of the global population (Fact Sheet, 2004). numbers game like this reflect the digital award that has grown since the creation of the computing device and more recently, the Information Super Highway called, the Internet. The digital divide describes the termination that some people obtain access to and use computers and the Internet magic spell others do non. There are several factors that play into those that do not begin access and there are programs that have been created to close the crevice between these people and those that have access. Full Text Bridges.org (2003) describes the digital divide as the wide division between those who have access to ICT information and communications technologies and are using it effectively and those who do not. These groups are labeled the have and the have-nots. As technology increases the importance of having access to it grows also. Those who do not have access to technology lag behind and end up in the gap of the digital divide. Usually the majority of people that fall in the have-nots category are in developing countries around the world, but a large number can be found right in the United States. Several factors seem to play a part in who becomes a victim of the digital divide. These include wake, socioeconomic status, education, location, age and gender. The statistics for race and access to Internet access in the home show that 46.1% of vacuous households are online and 56.8% of Asian American and Pacific Islanders have access to the Internet in th... ...e Network. (2004). Digital Divide Basics Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 18, 2004 from http//www.digitaldividenetwork.org/content/stories/index.cfm? find=168 6.) Hillebrand, M. (1999). US Government Attempts to B ridge Digital Divide. E-Commerce Times. Retrieved April 12, 2004 from http//www.ecommercetimes.com/perl/story/1086.html. 7.)Holmes, S. (2000). NMSU project aims to couplet digital divide. Retrieved April 24, 2004 from http//www.amarillonet.com/stories/070600/usn_nmsu.shtml. 8.) PBS.org. (2001). Outreach Activities. Retrieved April 18, 2004 from http//www.pbs.org/digitaldivide/news.html. 9.) Steele-Carrin, S. (2000). Caught in the Digital Divide. Education World. Retrieved April 27, 2004 from http//www.educationworld.com/a_tech/tech041.shtml. 10.) Vail, K. (2003). Next Generation Divide. American School Board Journal, 190, 23-25.

Bullfighting :: essays research papers

jackfightingThe spectacle of squealerfighting pits a man against a charging bull. Thebullfighter, called a matador, faces the bull in a large dirt-filled arena thatis usually surrounded by spectators. help by a group of apprentices, calledthe cuadrilla, the matador goads the bull into charging at him. A bullfightusually features three matadors, each of whom fights two bulls. The bulls are ofa understandably savage breed especially trained to attack humans. A bullfight isrelentless. If a matador is injured, another replaces him, and the bull iskilled at the end of each match. To following of bullfighting the contestbetween man and beast demonstrates human science and courage as does no othersport. However, many people opine bullfighting is barbaric and inhumane.The contest begins with a colorful grand accession by the participants.The actual fight starts when the picadors, who are horse-mounted members of thecuadrilla. They fend off the bulls charges with exquisite steel-ti pped pikes,called pics. They weaken and anger the bull by piercing its neck and get ups. then(prenominal) come the banderilleros, named after their banderillas, or decorated barbed clings. Clutching a stick in each hand, they rush the bull on foot and namethe barbs in the animals neck, weakening and angering the beast even more.Finally the matador comes in for the kill. brilliantly dressed, he uses asword draped with a cloth, called muleta. After a number of intricate passeswith the muleta, during which the matador must work extremely close to the bull,the matador sights the bull along his sword, runs forward, and plunges it in,aiming for the half-dollar-size spot between the shoulders. If the sword enterscorrectly between the shoulder blades, it severs the aorta, or great artery, andthe animal dies almost instantly.A crowd-pleasing matador may be awarded iodine or both of the bulls earsor its ears and tail. An exceptionally fierce bull may be honored by having itsbody paraded ar ound the arena. The one thing that sets the Spanish apart frommost Europeans living beyond the Pyrenees mountains is their depicted object spectacleof bullfighting. Every city and most towns of any size boast a bullring, wherethe crowds cheer their favorite but jeer the inept matador, or bullfighter, ashe faces his large-horned adversary.